{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T01:10:02Z","timestamp":1778721002244,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an era of smart cities and digitalisation, there has been a noticeable increase in the development and application of planning support systems (PSS). However, a significant challenge in the broader adoption of these PSS can be attributed to the user experience, which includes the efforts required in pre-processing data. It has been observed that typically 80% of the PSS usage time goes into pre-processing, cleaning, and loading data\u2014a significant barrier for new users. This research focuses on improving user experience by developing and evaluating a new workflow tool called EasyUAZ. This workflow tool directly supports the iterative data preparation needs of scenario planning with the Online WhatIf?\u2014a widely used PSS to develop land-use suitability, demand and land-allocation scenarios. A comparative evaluation has been conducted to quantify the time taken for data preparation with ArcGIS, QGIS, and the EasyUAZ. The study found that EasyUAZ offers a time saving of 30%\u201335% when compared with other options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9120706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1606381455000},"page":"706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating a Workflow Tool for Simplifying Scenario Planning with the Online WhatIf? Planning Support System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5371-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Qadeer ul","family":"Hussnain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban &amp; Regional Planning, National University of Science &amp; Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban &amp; Regional Planning, National University of Science &amp; Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khydija","family":"Wakil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urban &amp; Regional Planning, National University of Science &amp; Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junaid Abdul","family":"Jabbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographical Information Systems, National University of Science &amp; Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-9830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher James","family":"Pettit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Futures Research Centre, Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2914-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographical Information Systems, National University of Science &amp; Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Russo, P., Costabile, M.F., Lanzilotti, R., and Pettit, C.J. (2015). Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccs.2017.10.002","article-title":"Planning support systems for smart cities","volume":"12","author":"Pettit","year":"2018","journal-title":"City Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s12061-008-9011-7","article-title":"Improving the Adoption and Use of Planning Support Systems in Practice","volume":"1","author":"Vonk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2017.1327213","article-title":"Adoption and Use of Software in Land Use Planning Practice: A Multiple-Country Study","volume":"34","author":"Russo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Holway, J., Gabbe, C., Hebbert, F., Lally, J., Mathews, R., and Quay, R. (2020, November 25). Opening Access to Scenario Planning Tools, Cambridge, 2012. Available online: https:\/\/www.lincolninst.edu\/pubs\/2027_Opening-Access-to-Scenario-Planning-Tools."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1068\/a3712","article-title":"Bottlenecks blocking widespread usage of planning support systems","volume":"37","author":"Vonk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2019.101451","article-title":"A framework to bridge digital planning tools\u2019 utilisation gap in peri-urban spatial planning; lessons from Pakistan","volume":"80","author":"Hussnain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360208976274","article-title":"UrbanSim: Modeling Urban Development for Land Use, Transportation, and Environmental Planning","volume":"68","author":"Waddell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Plan. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"38","article-title":"Calibrating Cellular Automata Models for Simulating Urban Growth: Comparative Analysis of SLEUTH and Metronamica","volume":"176","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"UCL Work. Pap. Ser."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Clarke, K.C. (2020, April 28). A Decade of Cellular Urban Modeling with SLEUTH: Unresolved Issues and Problems, Ch. 3 in Planning Support Systems for Cities and Regions. Available online: http:\/\/bbs.geog.ucsb.edu."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geertman, S., Allan, A., Pettit, C., and Stillwell, J. (2017). The Walkability Planning Support System: An Evidence-Based Tool to Design Healthy Communities. Planning Support Science for Smarter Urban Futures, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-57819-4"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2015.10.008","article-title":"A comparison of the perceived added value of PSS applications in group settings","volume":"56","author":"Pelzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00f6mmelstroet, M., Pelzer, P., Klerkx, R., and Schamin\u00e9e, S. (2013). Do Planning Support Systems Improve Planning? Testing the claim in a controlled experiment. Planning Support Systems for Sustainable Urban Development, Springer.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.07.004"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s12061-015-9135-5","article-title":"Planning Support Systems and Task-Technology Fit: A Comparative Case Study","volume":"8","author":"Pelzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geertman, S., and Stillwell, J. (2009). A Planning Support System Toolkit Approach for Formulating and Evaluating Land-use Change Scenarios. Planning Support Systems Best Practice and New Methods, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8952-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2010.525671","article-title":"Integrated land use and transportation planning and modelling: Addressing challenges in research and practice","volume":"31","author":"Waddell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geertman, S., and Stillwell, J. (2003). Development of the Klang Valley Regional Planning Support System. Planning Support Systems in Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24795-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-6301(87)90038-0","article-title":"How to develop and use scenarios","volume":"20","author":"Schnaars","year":"1987","journal-title":"Long Range Plan."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1108\/14636680010802438","article-title":"How to be rigorous with scenario planning","volume":"2","author":"Godet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Goodspeed, R. (2020). Scenario Planning for Cities and Regions Managing and Envisioning Uncertain Futures, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Pettit, C.J., Klosterman, R.E., Delaney, P., Whitehead, A.L., Kujala, H., Bromage, A., and Nino-Ruiz, M. (2013). The Online What if? Planning Support System, Springer."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12061-015-9133-7","article-title":"The Online What if? Planning Support System: A Land Suitability Application in Western Australia","volume":"8","author":"Pettit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1068\/b260393","article-title":"The What if? Collaborative planning support system","volume":"26","author":"Klosterman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Brail, R.K., and Klosterman, R.E. (2001). Planning Support Systems: Integrating Geographic Information Systems, Models, and Visualisation Tools, ESRI Inc."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Pettit, C., Cartwright, W., Bishop, I., Lowell, K., Pullar, D., and Duncan, D. (2008). Applying the What If? Planning Support System for Better Understanding Urban Fringe Growth. Landscape Analysis and Visualisation: Spatial Models for Natural Resource Management and Planning, Springer."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Hussnain, M.Q., Waheed, A., Wakil, K., Tahir, A., Pettit, C., Pelizaro, C., and Jabbar, J.A. (2017). A Planning Support System to Aid Spatial Planning in Pakistan. Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM2017), University of South Australia."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"20","article-title":"A Data-Driven Approach to Exploring Future Land Use and Transport Scenarios: The Online What If? Tool","volume":"732","author":"Pettit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hussnain, M.Q., Waheed, A., Anjum, G.A., Naeem, M.A., Wakil, K., Tahir, A., Pettit, C., and Hussain, E. (2019, January 2\u20134). Application of the Online WhatIf? Planning Support System in Peri-urban Spatial Planning; Case study of Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Development in the Information Society, Karlsruhe, Germany."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.08.009","article-title":"Towards satisfying practitioners in using Planning Support Systems","volume":"67","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geertman, S., and Stillwell, J. (2003). An On-line Planning Support System to Evaluate Urban and Regional Planning Scenarios. Planning Support Systems in Practice. Advances in Spatial Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24795-1"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bishop, I., Pettit, C.J., Van, B.D., and Lynch, J. (2020, November 25). Visualising What If? Generated Land Use Planning Scenarios. Available online: http:\/\/www.dupad.hku.hk\/cupumhk\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1068\/b3024","article-title":"A way forward for land-use planning to achieve policy goals by using spatial modelling scenarios","volume":"31","author":"Pettit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0739456X9901800401","article-title":"Urban modeling and contemporary planning theory: Is there a common ground?","volume":"18","author":"Guhathakurta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plan. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2014.05.002","article-title":"The added value of Planning Support Systems: A practitioner\u2019s perspective","volume":"48","author":"Pelzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1068\/b130040p","article-title":"Knowledge in communicative planning practice: A different perspective for planning support systems","volume":"42","author":"Pelzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ratti, C., and Claudel, M. (2016). The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers, and the Future of Urban Life, Yale University Press."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Townsend, A.M. (2013). Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia, WW Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"55","article-title":"Urban information model for city planning","volume":"10","author":"Hamilton","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakuriah, P., Tilahun, N.Y., and Zellner, M. (2017). Big data and urban informatics: Innovations and challenges to urban planning and knowledge discovery. Springer Geography, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40902-3_2"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Ahmed, N.S. (2018). Big Data and Urban Planning in Pakistan: A Case Study of The Urban Unit, York University."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011457324641","article-title":"Workflow Automation: Overview and Research Issues","volume":"3","author":"Stohr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Verborgh, R., and de Wilde, M. (2013). Using OpenRefine, Packt Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusumasari, T.F. (2016, January 24\u201327). Fitria Data profiling for data quality improvement with OpenRefine. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI), Bandung, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITSI.2016.7858197"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"18","article-title":"Beyond Excel: How to start cleaning data with OpenRefine","volume":"42","author":"Groves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multimed. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.11.026","article-title":"Geospatial Data Generation and Preprocessing Tools for Urban Computing System Development","volume":"101","author":"Golubev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2020, June 09). GeoKettle. Available online: https:\/\/live.osgeo.org\/archive\/10.0\/en\/overview\/geokettle_overview.html."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2020, June 09). Data Visualisation | Microsoft Power BI. Available online: https:\/\/powerbi.microsoft.com\/en-us\/."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"ESRI (2020, June 09). ArcGIS Workflow Manager | Enterprise Workflow Management System. Available online: https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/arcgis\/products\/arcgis-workflow-manager\/overview."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"ESRI (2020, June 09). What Is ModelBuilder?. Available online: https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/help\/analysis\/geoprocessing\/modelbuilder\/what-is-modelbuilder-.htm."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Olaya, V., and Cavallini, P. (2020, June 07). QGIS Processing Framework. Available online: https:\/\/docs.qgis.org\/3.10\/en\/docs\/training_manual\/processing\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Google (2020, June 09). Google Earth Engine. Available online: https:\/\/earthengine.google.com\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2020, May 27). SAFE, FME Workflow Management. Available online: https:\/\/www.safe.com\/training\/recorded\/fme-workflow-management\/."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2020, June 22). SAFE, Safe Software |FME| Data Integration Platform. Available online: https:\/\/www.safe.com\/."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2020, June 07). Hale Studio\u2014Fast, Interactive Data Transformation. Available online: https:\/\/www.wetransform.to\/products\/halestudio\/."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waddell, P., Janowicz, E., Blanchard, S., and Maurer, S. (2020). UrbanCanvas: A collaborative platform for informed planning. Handbook of Planning Support Science, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781788971089.00038"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2020, June 28). UrbanCanvas\u2014UrbanSim. Available online: https:\/\/urbansim.com\/urbancanvas."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2020, June 16). UrbanSim, Urban Data Science Toolkit. Available online: https:\/\/urbansim.com\/udst."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"USGS (2020, June 28). Project Gigalopolis, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncgia.ucsb.edu\/projects\/gig\/Imp\/imSetUp.htm."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"88","article-title":"The SLEUTH Land Use Change Model: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s101090050010","article-title":"LAND USE SCANNER: An integrated GIS based model for long term projections of land use in urban and rural areas","volume":"1","author":"Hilferink","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koomen, E., Hilferink, M., and Beurden, J.B. (2011). Introducing land use scanner. Land-Use Modelling in Planning Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1822-7"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Van Delden, H., Escudero, J.C., Uljee, I., and Engelen, G. (2005). METRONAMICA: A dynamic spatial land use model applied to Vitoria-Gasteiz. Virtual Seminar of the MILES Project, Centro de Estudios Ambientales."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4038\/bhumi.v4i1.1","article-title":"Calibrating Metronamica Land Use Simulation Model for Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"4","author":"Wimaladasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bhumi Plan. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olmedo, M.T.C., Paegelow, M., Mas, J.-F., and Escobar, F. (2018). A Short Presentation of Metronamica. Geomatic Approaches for Modeling Land Change Scenarios, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60801-3"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Jiao, J. (2013, January 2\u20135). Comparative Analysis of Three Planning Support Software (PSS) Programs and Current Applications of Planning Support System in China. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management, Utrecht, Vietnam."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2007). INDEX PlanBuilder User Notebook, Criterion Planners."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Kwartler, M., and Bernard, R.N. (2001). CommunityViz: An Integrated Planning Support System, Esri Press."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Petzold, I., Burghardt, D., and Bobzien, M. (2006, January 5). Workflow Management and Generalisation Services. Proceedings of the 9th ICA Workshop on Generalization and Multiple Representation, Portland, OR, USA."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.07.329","article-title":"Integrated modeling of CityGML and IFC for city\/neighborhood development for urban microclimates analysis","volume":"122","author":"Jusuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geertman, S., Goodspeed, J.F., and Stillwell, J. (2015). The Australian Urban Intelligence Network Supporting Smart Cities. Planning Support Systems and Smart Cities, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18368-8"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.3282","article-title":"The Australia urban research gateway","volume":"27","author":"Sinnott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2020, November 25). AURIN, Online WhatIf? User Guide. Available online: https:\/\/docs.aurin.org.au\/what-if\/online-whatif-user-guide\/."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettit, C., Shi, Y., Han, H., Rittenbruch, M., Foth, M., Lieske, S., Nouwelant, R.V.D., Mitchell, P., Leao, S., and Christensen, B. (2020). A new toolkit for land value analysis and scenario planning. Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci.","DOI":"10.1177\/2399808320924678"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.06.019","article-title":"Usefulness of planning support systems: A conceptual framework and an empirical illustration","volume":"104","author":"Pelzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2016.05.008","article-title":"An online platform for conducting spatial-statistical analyses of national census data across Australia","volume":"63","author":"Pettit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2015.997315","article-title":"Introducing a usability framework to support urban information discovery and analytics","volume":"60","author":"Barton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"ESRI (2020, May 08). ArcMap | Documentation. Available online: https:\/\/desktop.arcgis.com\/en\/arcmap\/."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2019, May 22). QGIS, QGIS: A Free and Open Source Geographic Information System. Available online: https:\/\/www.qgis.org\/en\/site\/."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Graziano, A.M., and Raulin, M.L. (1993). Research Methods: A process of Inquiry, HarperCollins College Publishers."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, M. (2017). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods, SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483381411"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"GoP (2019, May 13). 6th Population and Housing Census 2017 (Provisional Results), Available online: http:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/sites\/default\/files\/\/Population_Census_2017_Results_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussnain, M.Q.U., Waheed, A., Wakil, K., Pettit, C., Hussain, E., Naeem, M.A., and Anjum, G.A. (2020). Shaping up the Future Spatial Plans for Urban Areas in Pakistan. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104216"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Afzal, M. (2016). Evaluation of Peri-Urban Structure Plan Practices in Punjab, University of Engineering and Technology."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coetzee, S., Iv\u00e1nov\u00e1, I., Mitasova, H., and Brovelli, M.A. (2020). Open geospatial software and data: A review of the current state and a perspective into the future. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020090"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810802634956","article-title":"An overview on current free and open source desktop GIS developments","volume":"23","author":"Steiniger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Friedrich, C. (2014). Comparison of ArcGIS and QGIS for Applications in Sustainable Spatial Planning, Universit\u00e4t Wien."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"724","article-title":"Empirical Evaluation of ArcGIS with Contemporary Open Source Solutions-A Study","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"582","article-title":"Evaluating the parameters of ArcGIS and QGIS for GIS Applications","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3846\/20296991.2013.859824","article-title":"Cartoevaluation method for assessment of gis software","volume":"39","author":"Dobesova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geod. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799108927858","article-title":"Integrating multi-criteria evaluation with geographical information systems geographical information systems","volume":"5","author":"Carver","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"6","article-title":"Redeveloping the Greyfields With Envision: Using Participatory Support Systems To Reduce Urban Sprawl in Australia","volume":"3","author":"Glackin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Geogr."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/12\/706\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:37:33Z","timestamp":1760179053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/12\/706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9120706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9120706","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]}}}