{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:16:16Z","timestamp":1785212176681,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD1100305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD1100305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJGI"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the current spatial planning reform in China, public participation is becoming increasingly important in the success of rural spatial planning. However, engaging various stakeholders in spatial planning projects is difficult, mainly due to the lack of planning knowledge and computer skills. Therefore, this paper discusses the development of a virtual globe-based 3D participatory geographic information system (PGIS) aiming to support public participation in the spatial planning process. The 3D PGIS-based rural planning approach was applied in the village of XiaFan, Ningbo, China. The results demonstrate that locals\u2019 participation capacity was highly promoted, with their interest in 3D PGIS visualization being highly activated. The interactive landscape design tools allow stakeholders to present their own suggestions and designs, just like playing a computer game, thus improving their interactive planning abilities on-site. The scientific analysis tools allow planners to analyze and evaluate planning scenarios in different disciplines in real-time to quickly respond to suggestions from participants on-site. Functions and tools such as data management, marking, and highlighting were found to be useful for smoothing the interactions among planners and participants. In conclusion, virtual globe-based 3D PGIS highly supports the participatory rural landscape planning process and is potentially applicable to other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9120763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T20:42:01Z","timestamp":1608583321000},"page":"763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Participatory Rural Spatial Planning Based on a Virtual Globe-Based 3D PGIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Linjun","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China National Engineering Research Center for Human Settlements, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Urban and Environment, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dacheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.104072","article-title":"Effect of land-centered urbanization on rural development: A regional analysis in China","volume":"87","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2016.07.014","article-title":"Rural spatial restructuring in ecologically fragile mountainous areas of southern China: A case study of Changgang Town, Jiangxi Province","volume":"47","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rural. Studies"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-014-1083-5","article-title":"Land consolidation: An indispensable way of spatial restructuring in rural China","volume":"24","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2015.11.011","article-title":"The spatio-temporal patterns of urbanerural development transformation in China since 1990","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"5","article-title":"Rural cultural renaissance and urban-rural relations reconstruction: Study of Hegezhuang Village mode","volume":"20","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Dev. Studies"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"591","article-title":"Characteristics and mechanism of rural settlements spatial reconstruction in developed areas: A case study of southern. Jiangsu","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Central People\u2019s Government of China (2020, December 18). The Urban and Rural Planning Law of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2019 Amendment) (in Chinese), Available online: http:\/\/www.npc.gov.cn\/npc\/c30834\/201905\/9567599b5c69447190da84e2ccac245a.shtml."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2019.01.001","article-title":"Usability and usefulness of internet mapping platforms in participatory spatial planning","volume":"103","author":"Rzeszewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"56","article-title":"Visibility analysis of settlement open space based on 3D electronic sand tablets: A case study of Dayan Town, Ningbo City, Zhejinag Province","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod. Urban Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1080\/01426397.2011.583009","article-title":"Landscape Democracy in a Globalizing World: The Case of Tange Lake","volume":"36","author":"Arler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/01426390701552753","article-title":"The European landscape convention and the question of public participation","volume":"32","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2008.01.005","article-title":"Local participation in cultural landscape maintenance: Lessons from Sweden","volume":"26","author":"Stenseke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"33","article-title":"Public participation in strengthening cultural heritage: The role of landscape character assessment in Denmark","volume":"109","author":"Caspersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geogr. Tidsskr.-Dan. J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/0964056042000216519","article-title":"Community participation in the planning and management of cultural landscapes","volume":"47","author":"Selman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stenseke, M., and Jones, M. (2011). Conclusion: Benefits, Difficulties, and Challenges of Participation under the European Landscape Convention. Landscape Series, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9932-7_15"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Central People\u2019s Government of China (2020, December 18). The 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2016\u20132020) (in Chinese), Available online: http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/xinwen\/2016-03\/17\/content_5054992.htm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.07.018","article-title":"Participatory landscape planning and sustainable community development: Methodological observations from a case study in rural Mexico","volume":"94","author":"Flanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2013.866172","article-title":"A multistage collaborative 3D GIS to support public participation","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.2006.00702.x","article-title":"Public Participation Geographic Information Systems: A Literature Review and Framework","volume":"96","author":"Sieber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Assoc. Am. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2013.11.004","article-title":"Key issues and research priorities for public partici-pation GIS (PPGIS): A synthesis based on empirical research","volume":"46","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2014.10.007","article-title":"Empirical PPGIS\/PGIS mapping of ecosystem services: A review and evaluation","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.05.018","article-title":"An evaluation of participatory mapping methods to assess urban park benefifits","volume":"178","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810310001596094","article-title":"Developing a conceptual framework for visually-enabled geocollaboration","volume":"18","author":"MacEachren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.02.021","article-title":"Using 3D visualization methods in landscape planning: An evaluation of options and practical issues","volume":"142","author":"Lovett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2005.07.002","article-title":"Landscape visualizations: Applications and requirements of 3D visualization software for environmental planning","volume":"30","author":"Paar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slocum, R., and Thomas-Slayter, B. (1995). Participation, Empowerment and Sustainable Development in Power, Process and Participation: Tools for Change, Intermediate Technology Publications.","DOI":"10.3362\/9781780445663.000"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.09.007","article-title":"A demonstrator tool of web-based virtual reality for participatory evaluation of urban sound environment","volume":"170","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2005.03.002","article-title":"Public participation in a spatial decision support system for public housing","volume":"29","author":"Barton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.030","article-title":"A web-based participatory GIS (PGIS) for offshore wind farm suitability within LakeErie, Ohio","volume":"41","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lafrance, F., Daniel, S., and Dragicevic, S. (2019). Multidimensional Web GIS Approach for Citizen Participation on Urban Evolution. ISPRS Int. J. Geogr. Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8060253"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"55","article-title":"Web-PPGIS usability and public engagement: A case study in canmore, Alberta, Canada","volume":"22","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"URISA J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9488(2007)133:4(233)","article-title":"Using Virtual Environment Technology to Improve Public Participation in Urban Planning Process","volume":"133","author":"Howard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urban Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/17538940701782718","article-title":"3D visualisations in simulations of future land use: Exploring the possibilities of new, standard visualisation tools","volume":"1","author":"Lloret","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., and Moore, A. (2014). The Usability of Online Geographic Virtual Reality for Urban Planning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00515-7_14"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(02)00063-7","article-title":"Web-based dynamic and interactive environmental visualization","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810110046574","article-title":"An integration of GIS, internet and virtual reality for the visualisation, analysis, and exploration of spatial data","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, B., Huang, B., and Vasek, V. (2003). Geovisualisation for Planning Support Systems. Advances in Spatial Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24795-1_10"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hetherington, R., Farrimond, B., and Clynch, P. (2007, January 4\u20136). Interactive web visualization of proposals for site developments. Proceedings of the 11th international conference information visualization, Zurich, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2007.72"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Manfred, S., Vasily, V.P., and Josef, B. (2007, January 20\u201323). Improve public participation in planning processes by using web-based 3D-models for communication platforms. Proceedings of the REAL CORP 007 Proceeding 2007 Tagungsband, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2009.12.001","article-title":"A virtual globe-based 3D visualization and interactive framework for public participation in urban planning processes","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2017.04.013","article-title":"A morphologically preserved multi-resolution TIN surface modeling and visualization method for virtual globes","volume":"129","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3966","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.636081","article-title":"Google Earth as a virtual globe tool for Earth science applications at the global scale: Progress and perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1179\/1743277414Y.0000000092","article-title":"Requirements Elicitation for Geo-information Solutions","volume":"54","author":"Sluter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cartogr. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/23729333.2017.1315988","article-title":"Designing across map use contexts: A research agenda","volume":"3","author":"Griffin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1559\/15230406393140","article-title":"A Hybrid System of Expanding 2D GIS into 3D Space","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2018.1480784","article-title":"Toward a participatory VGI methodology: Crowdsourcing information on regional food assets","volume":"32","author":"Fast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Barr\u00f3n, J.P., Manso-Callejo, M.\u00c1., Alcarria, R., and Iturrioz-Aguirre, T. (2016). Volunteered Geographic Information System Design: Project and Participation Guidelines. ISPRS Int. J. Geogr. Inf., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi5070108"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Mclaren, R. (2020, December 18). Crowdsourcing support of land administration: A new, collaborative partnership between citizens and land professionals. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Report November. Available online: http:\/\/www.fig.net\/resources\/proceedings\/fig_proceedings\/fig2012\/papers\/ts03b\/TS03B_mclaren_5482.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Feng, C.-C., and Chang, K.T.-T. (2017). Towards Enhancing Integrated Pest Management Based on Volunteered Geographic Information. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6070224"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810701349011","article-title":"Geovisual analytics for spatial decision support: Setting the research agenda","volume":"21","author":"Andrienko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.10.017","article-title":"Web cartography with open standards-A solution to cartographic challenges of environmental management","volume":"25","author":"Hugentobler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."}],"container-title":["ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/12\/763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1760179690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2220-9964\/9\/12\/763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ijgi9120763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi9120763","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-9964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-9964","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]}}}