{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:34:33Z","timestamp":1760240073387,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]],"date-time":"2019-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We will sketch the debate on testimony in social epistemology by reference to the contemporary debate on reductionism\/anti-reductionism, communitarian epistemology and inferentialism. Testimony is a fundamental source of knowledge we share and it is worthy to be considered in the ambit of a dialogical perspective, which requires a description of a formal structure, which entails deontic statuses and deontic attitudes. In particular, we will argue for a social reformulation of the \u201cspace of reasons\u201d, which establishes a fruitful relationship with the epistemological view of Wilfrid Sellars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info10030101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]],"date-time":"2019-03-08T04:58:35Z","timestamp":1552021115000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["\u201cIndirect\u201d Information: The Debate on Testimony in Social Epistemology and Its Role in the Game of \u201cGiving and Asking for Reasons\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Raffaela","family":"Giovagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Philosophy, Pontifical Lateran University, Vatican City, 00120 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Goldman, A. (2015, April 28). Social Epistemology (Stanford Enciclopedia of Philosophy). Available online: https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epistemology-social\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gelfert, A. (2014). A Critical Introduction to Testimony, Bloommsburg Academics."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lackey, J., and Sosa, E. (2006). Reid on the Credit of Human Testimony. The Epistemology of Testimony, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199276011.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-016-1128-7","article-title":"The hearsay through the Lens of Trust, Reputation and Coherence","volume":"194","author":"Martini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Synthese"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Coady, C.A.J. (1992). Testimony, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/104.414.393","article-title":"Critical Notice: Telling and Trusting: Reductionism and Anti-Reductionism in the Epistemology of Testimony","volume":"104","author":"Fricker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mind"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2307\/2185680","article-title":"Content Preservation","volume":"102","author":"Burge","year":"1993","journal-title":"Philos. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2307\/2026523","article-title":"Epistemic Dependence","volume":"82","author":"Hardwig","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Philos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2307\/2027007","article-title":"The Role of Trust to Knowledge","volume":"88","author":"Hardwig","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Philos."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Welbourne, M. (1993). The Community of Knowledge, Gregg Revivals."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusch, M. (2002). Knowledge by Agreement, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/0199251223.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173438"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Brandom, R.B. Making It Explicit, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandom, R.B. (2008). Between Saying and Doing, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199542871.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodig-Crkovic, G., and Giovagnoli, R. (2017). The Relevance of Language for the Problem of Representation. Representation and Reality. Humans, Other Living Organisms and Intelligent Machines, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43784-2"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovagnoli, R. (2017). Autonomy, Testimony and Informational Diversity. Proceedings, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/IS4SI-2017-03925"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/10\/3\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:37:01Z","timestamp":1760186221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/10\/3\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info10030101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info10030101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]}}}