{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T14:47:54Z","timestamp":1768142874212,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol, sensors are randomly deployed in the region without considering the balanced energy consumption of nodes. If a node that has been selected as a cluster head is located far away from the base station, it will affect the efficiency of the network due to its early death. This paper proposes an improved energy efficient routing protocol named Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election protocol (ITSEP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Firstly, we use a node state transformation mechanism to control the number of cluster heads in high-density node areas. Secondly, the proposed protocol improves the threshold formula by considering the distance from the node to the base station, the number of neighbor nodes, its residual energy, and the average distance between nodes. In addition, an optimal route with minimum energy consumption for cluster heads has been selected throughout data transmission. Simulation results show that this algorithm has achieved a longer lifetime than the stable election protocol algorithm, modified stable election protocol algorithm, and threshold-sensitive stable election protocol algorithm for the heterogeneous wireless sensor network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info10040125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T11:36:01Z","timestamp":1554464161000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["An Improved Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Routing Energy Protocol for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9499-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liquan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control &amp; Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin City 132012, China"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Power System Simulation and Control &amp; Renewable Energy Technology, Ministry of Education (Northeast Electric Power University), Jilin City 132012, China"},{"name":"Changchun City Branch of China Mobile Group Jilin Company Limited, Changchun 130061, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batra, P.K., and Kant, K. (2016, January 12\u201314). An energy efficient GA based routing algorithm for two-tiered sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2016 1st India International Conference on Information Processing (IICIP), Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IICIP.2016.7975318"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, R., Singh, H., and Sharma, A. (2017, January 3\u20135). A comparative analysis of LEACH and SEP using NS2. Proceedings of the 2017 8th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Delhi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCNT.2017.8204183"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, D., Ke, L., Yang, W., and Li, J. (2017, January 21\u201324). An Estimation of Distribution Algorithm Based Load-Balanced Clustering of Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) and IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC), Guangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSE-EUC.2017.35"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, R.E., Ghanem, W.R., and Mohamed, M.A. (2018, January 20\u201322). TECEAP: Two-tier era-based clustering energy-efficient adaptive and proactive routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2018 35th National Radio Science Conference (NRSC), Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/NRSC.2018.8354363"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i2\/79073","article-title":"A Novel Cluster Arrangement Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"9","author":"Vijayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Smaragdakis, G., Matta, I., and Bestavros, A. 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Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bereketli, A., and Akan, O.B. (2009, January 5\u20138). Event-To-Sink Directed Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2009.4917716"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2795","article-title":"Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network","volume":"5","author":"Rani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1050","article-title":"An improved energy aware distributed unequal clustering protocol for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"P-SEP: A prolong stable election routing algorithm for energy-limited heterogeneous fog-supported wireless sensor networks","volume":"73","author":"Naranjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercomput."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashaf, A., Javaid, N., and Khan, Z.A. (2012, January 17\u201319). TSEP: Threshold-Sensitive Stable Election Protocol for WSNs. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIT.2012.37"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/10\/4\/125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:43:12Z","timestamp":1760186592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/10\/4\/125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info10040125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info10040125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]]}}}