{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T01:16:33Z","timestamp":1773018993653,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agile methods fit well for software development teams in the requirements elicitation activities. It has brought challenges to organizations in adopting the existing traditional methods, as well as new ones. Design Thinking has been used as a requirements elicitation technique and immersion in the process areas, which brings the client closer to the software project team and enables the creation of better projects. With the use of data triangulation, this paper brings a literature review that collected the challenges in software requirements elicitation in agile methodologies and the use of Design Thinking. The result gave way to a case study in a Brazilian public organization project, via user workshop questionnaire with 20 items, applied during the study, in order to identify the practice of Design Thinking in this context. We propose here an overview of 13 studied challenges, from which eight presented strong evidence of contribution (stakeholders involvement, requirements definition and validation, schedule, planning, requirement details and prioritization, and interdependence), three presented partial evidence of contribution and two were not eligible for conclusions (non-functional requirements, use of artifacts, and change of requirements). The main output of this work is to present an analysis of the use of Design Thinking to see if it fits properly to be used as a means of solving the challenges of elicitation of software requirements when using agile methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info10120371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T10:54:10Z","timestamp":1574938450000},"page":"371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Design Thinking: Challenges for Software Requirements Elicitation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ferreira Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), P.O. Box 4466, Bras\u00edlia\u2013DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Carvalho de Oliveira Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), P.O. Box 4466, Bras\u00edlia\u2013DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2159-339X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edna","family":"Dias Canedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), P.O. Box 4466, Bras\u00edlia\u2013DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Ajax","family":"Dias Kosloski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), P.O. Box 4466, Bras\u00edlia\u2013DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5700-4684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"\u00c1vila Pald\u00eas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), P.O. Box 4466, Bras\u00edlia\u2013DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6719-1540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgard","family":"Costa Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Engineering, University of Bras\u00edlia (UnB), P.O. Box 4466, Bras\u00edlia\u2013DF, CEP 70910-900, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2001.936219","article-title":"Requirements engineering as a success factor in software projects","volume":"18","author":"Hofmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.1987.1663532","article-title":"No Silver Bullet","volume":"20","author":"Brooks","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Beck, K., Grenning, J., and Martin, R.C. (2019, October 31). Manifesto \u00e1gil. Capturado em. Available online: http:\/\/agilemanifesto.org\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2007.00259.x","article-title":"Agile requirements engineering practices and challenges: An empirical study","volume":"20","author":"Ramesh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.10.046","article-title":"A systematic literature review on agile requirements engineering practices and challenges","volume":"51","author":"Inayat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pressman, R.S. (2005). Software Engineering: A Practitioner\u2019s Approach, Palgrave Macmillan."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2011.00806.x","article-title":"Change by design","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2018.1661333","article-title":"Practitioners\u2019 Agile-Methodology Use and Job Perceptions","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39229-0_1","article-title":"Reframed Contexts: Design Thinking for Agile User Experience Design. HCI (9)","volume":"Volume 8012","author":"Adikari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Brown, T., and Katz, B. (2009). Change by Design: How Design Thinking Can Transform Organizations and Inspire Innovation, Harper Collins. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.5585\/gep.v2i1.36","article-title":"O modelo de design thinking como indutor da inova\u00e7\u00e3o nas empresas: Um estudo emp\u00edrico","volume":"2","author":"Bonini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. De Gest Ao E Proj.-GeP"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5585\/gep.v8i2.528","article-title":"Agile Design: A Combined Model Based on Design Thinking and Agile Methodologies for Digital Games Projects","volume":"8","author":"Higuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. De Gest Ao E Proj."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2010.03.006","article-title":"Systematic literature reviews in software engineering\u2013a tertiary study","volume":"52","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"101","article-title":"Metodologias \u00e1geis no contexto de desenvolvimento de software: XP, Scrum e Lean","volume":"98","author":"Fadel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Monogr. Do Curso De Mestr. FT-027 Ao De Proj. E Qual. Da Fac. De Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"dos Santos Soares, M. (2004). Metodologias \u00e1geis extreme programming e scrum para o desenvolvimento de software. Rev. Eletr\u00f4nica De Sist. De Informa\u00e7 Ao, 3.","DOI":"10.21529\/RESI.2004.0301006"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Alcarria, A., Olivares-Vicente, A., and Poza-Vilches, F. (2019). A Systematic Review of the Use of Agile Methodologies in Education to Foster Sustainability Competencies. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11102915"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Nardi, J.C., and de Almeida Falbo, R. (2006). Uma Ontologia de Requisitos de Software, CIbSE."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kotonya, G., and Sommerville, I. (1998). Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques, Wiley Publishing."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurum, A., and Wohlin, C. (2005). Requirements engineering: Setting the context. Engineering and Managing Software Requirements, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28244-0"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"212","article-title":"Requirements engineering in agile software development","volume":"2","author":"Qusef","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Technol. Web Intell."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2016.08.011","article-title":"Agile requirements engineering: A systematic literature review","volume":"49","author":"Thomaschewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horkoff, J., Ersare, J., Kahler, J., Jorundsson, T.D., and Hammouda, I. (2018, January 20\u201324). Efficiency and Effectiveness of Requirements Elicitation Techniques for Children. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 26th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), Banff, AB, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2018.00028"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Tiwari, S., and Rathore, S.S. (2017). A Methodology for the Selection of Requirement Elicitation Techniques. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2011.02.014","article-title":"Creating shared design thinking process for collaborative design","volume":"35","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Vianna, M., Vianna, Y., Adler, I., Lucena, B., and Russo, B. (2012). Design Thinking: Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em neg\u00f3cios, MJV Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2013.32","article-title":"From Palaces to Yurts: Why Requirements Engineering Needs Design Thinking","volume":"17","author":"Vetterli","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Roach, T. (2019, October 31). How to Combine Design Thinking and Agile in Practice. Available online: https:\/\/medium.com\/startup-frontier\/how-to-combine-design-thinking-and-agile-in-practice-36c9fc75c6e6."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Hehn, J., and Uebernickel, F. (October, January 11). The Use of Design Thinking for Requirements Engineering: An Ongoing Case Study in the Field of Innovative Software-Intensive Systems. Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference, Banff, AB, Canada."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correa, L., Maria, D., Bellio, J.C., Marczak, S., and Conte, T. (2018, January 5\u20136). O Uso de Design Thinking no Apoio ao Desenvolvimento de Software: Um Estudo de Caso no Contexto de Academias de Muscula\u00e7\u00e3o. Proceedings of the Anais do WER18\u2014Workshop em Engenharia de Requisitos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.","DOI":"10.17771\/PUCRio.wer.inf2018-25"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Plattner, H., Meinel, C., and Weinberg, U. (2009). Design-Thinking, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, N., and Richardson, I. (2016, January 14\u201322). Aligning healthcare innovation and software requirements through design thinking. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Software Engineering in Healthcare Systems, Austin, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2897683.2897687"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corral, L., and Fronza, I. (2018, January 3\u20136). Design Thinking and Agile Practices for Software Engineering: An Opportunity for Innovation. Proceedings of the 19th Annual SIG Conference on Information Technology Education, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3241815.3241864"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denzin, N.K. (2017). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315134543"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"25","article-title":"Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 pesquisa em ci\u00eancias sociais: A pesquisa qualitativa em educa\u00e7\u00e3o. S\u00e3o Paulo: Atlas, 1987","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Outros N\u00fameros Do Inf. Rural ETENE ANO"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Procedures for performing systematic reviews","volume":"33","author":"Kitchenham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Keele UK, Keele Univ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wohlin, C. (2014, January 13\u201314). Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601268"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2014.09.012","article-title":"Using CMMI together with agile software development: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Felizardo, K.R., Nakagawa, E.Y., Fabbri, S.C.P.F., and Ferrari, F.C. (2017). Revis\u00e3o Sistem\u00e1tica da Literatura em Engenharia de Software: Teoria e Pr\u00e1tica, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"86","article-title":"Systematic reviews and meta-analyses: An illustrated, step-by-step guide","volume":"17","author":"Pai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl. Med J. India"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"45","article-title":"Systematic review in software engineering","volume":"679","author":"Biolchini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Comput. Sci. Dep. COPPE\/UFRJ, Tech. Rep. ES"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2015.03.007","article-title":"Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update","volume":"64","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2012.09.008","article-title":"Systematic reviews in software engineering: An empirical investigation","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.02.002","article-title":"Systematic literature reviews in software engineering","volume":"55","author":"Wohlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Softw. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"28","article-title":"The profession of IT Beyond computational thinking","volume":"52","author":"Denning","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13173-016-0043-6","article-title":"LODPRO: Learning objects development process","volume":"22","author":"Queiros","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Braz. Comput. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salah, D., Paige, R.F., and Cairns, P. (2014, January 13\u201314). A systematic literature review for agile development processes and user centred design integration. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering, London, UK.","DOI":"10.1145\/2601248.2601276"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, H.F., Alves, N.S., Mendes, T.S., Mendon\u00e7a, M., and Sp\u00ednola, R.O. (2015, January 13\u201315). Investigating the link between user stories and documentation debt on software projects. Proceedings of the 2015 12th International Conference on Information Technology-New Generations (ITNG), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNG.2015.68"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, M. (2017, January 4\u20138). Promoting the Elicitation of Usability and Accessibility Requirements in Design Thinking: Using a Designed Object as a Boundary Object. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/REW.2017.29"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Freitas, R., Peres, S., Fantinato, M., Steinbeck, R., and Ara\u00fajo, U. (2013). Experimenting with design thinking in requirements refinement for a learning management system. Anais do IX Simp\u00f3sio Brasileiro de Sistemas de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, SBC."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, P., Ferrario, M.A., Simm, W., Forshaw, S., Friday, A., and Whittle, J. (2015, January 16\u201324). The Role of Design Thinking and Physical Prototyping in Social Software Engineering. Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE.2015.181"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindberg, T., Meinel, C., and Wagner, R. (2011). Design thinking: A fruitful concept for it development?. Design Thinking, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13757-0_1"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Marconi, M.d.A., and Lakatos, E.M. (2003). Fundamentos de Metodologia Cient\u00edfica, Atlas. [5th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/10\/12\/371\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:38:13Z","timestamp":1760189893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/10\/12\/371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["info10120371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info10120371","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]}}}