{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:18:40Z","timestamp":1783181920178,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,25]],"date-time":"2020-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006360","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19A18003N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19A18003N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During highly automated driving, the passenger is allowed to conduct non-driving related activities (NDRA) and no longer has to act as a fallback at the functional limits of the driving automation system. Previous research has shown that at lower levels of automation, passengers still wish to be informed about automated vehicle behavior to a certain extent. Due to the aim of the introduction of urban automated driving, which is characterized by high complexity, we investigated the information needs and visual attention of the passenger during urban, highly automated driving. Additionally, there was an investigation into the influence of the experience of automated driving and of NDRAs on these results. Forty participants took part in a driving simulator study. As well as the information presented on the human\u2013machine interface (system status, navigation information, speed and speed limit), participants requested information about maneuvers, reasons for maneuvers, environmental settings and additional navigation data. Visual attention was significantly affected by the NDRA, while the experience of automated driving had no effect. Experience and NDRA showed no significant effect on the need for information. Differences in information needs seem to be due to the requirements of the individual passenger, rather than the investigated factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11020062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T07:41:11Z","timestamp":1580110871000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Information Needs and Visual Attention during Urban, Highly Automated Driving\u2014An Investigation of Potential Influencing Factors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Feierle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Danner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Steininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Bengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SAE International (2018). Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, SAE International."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gold, C. (2016). Modeling of Take-Over Performance in Highly Automated Vehicle Guidance. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Munich]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2016.10.013","article-title":"Users\u2019 resistance towards radical innovations: The case of the self-driving car","volume":"44","author":"Neumayr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2017.2776209","article-title":"Creating appropriate trust in automated vehicle systems: A framework for HMI design","volume":"48","author":"Ekman","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s35148-015-0185-4","article-title":"Cockpitkonzept f\u00fcr das teilautomatisierte Fahren","volume":"3","author":"Reilhac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Automob. Tech. Z."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"G\u00f6tze, M. (2018). Entwicklung und Evaluation eines integrativen MMI Gesamtkonzeptes zur Handlungsunterst\u00fctzung f\u00fcr den urbanen Verkehr. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technical University of Munich]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winner, H., Hakuli, S., Lotz, F., and Singer, C. (2015). Stauassistenz und -automation. Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme: Grundlagen, Komponenten und Systeme f\u00fcr Aktive Sicherheit und Komfort, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-05734-3"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bengler, K., Dr\u00fcke, J., Hoffmann, S., Manstetten, D., and Neukum, A. (2018). HMI strategy\u2014Recommended action. UR:BAN Human Factors in Traffic, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-15418-9"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Fu, W.-T., and Pan, S. (2019). Why Do You Like to Drive Automated? A Context-Dependent Analysis of Highly Automated Driving to Elaborate Requirements for Intelligent User Interfaces, ACM."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392","article-title":"Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Beggiato, M., Hartwich, F., Schleinitz, K., Krems, J.F., Othersen, I., and Petermann-Stock, I. (2015, January 25\u201326). What would drivers like to know during automated driving? Information needs at different levels of automation. Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Driver Assistance, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6105087","article-title":"Improving usefulness of automated driving by lowering primary task interference through HMI design","volume":"2017","author":"Naujoks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Othersen, I. (2016). Vom Fahrer zum Denker und Teilzeitlenker: Einflussfaktoren und Gestaltungsmerkmale nutzerorientierter Interaktionskonzepte f\u00fcr die \u00dcberwachungsaufgabe des Fahrers im teilautomatisierten Modus. AutoUni\u2014Schriftenreihe, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bengler, K., Dr\u00fcke, J., Hoffmann, S., Manstetten, D., and Neukum, A. (2018). The \u201cHMI tool kit\u201d as a strategy for the systematic derivation of user-oriented HMI concepts of driver assistance systems in urban areas. UR:BAN Human Factors in Traffic, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Van den Beukel, A.P., and van der Voort, M.C. (2014, January 2\u20136). Design Considerations on User-Interaction for Semi-Automated Driving. Proceedings of the FISITA 2014 World Automotive Congress, Maastricht, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, N., Michel, B., Zimmermann, A., and Diermeyer, F. (2017, January 21\u201322). Erfassung und Bewertung des Informationsbedarfs von Lkw-Fahrern w\u00e4hrend hochautomatisierter Fahrt. Proceedings of the 9. VDI-Tagung\u2014Der Fahrer im 21. Jahrhundert, Braunschweig, Germany.","DOI":"10.51202\/9783181023112-77"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton, N.A. (2018). Information expectations in highly and fully automated vehicles. Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60441-1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720813482327","article-title":"Improving the driver-automation interaction: An approach using automation uncertainty","volume":"55","author":"Beller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Abdennadher, S., and Alt, F. (2018). Preparing drivers for planned control transitions in automated cars. MUM 2018, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Cairo, Egypt, 25\u201328 November 2018, The Association for Computing Machinery, Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.06.001","article-title":"Secondary task engagement and disengagement in the context of highly automated driving","volume":"58","author":"Wandtner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richardson, N.T., Flohr, L., and Michel, B. (2018). Takeover requests in highly automated truck driving: How do the amount and type of additional information influence the driver-automation interaction?. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/mti2040068"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ahram, T., Karwowski, W., and Schmorrow, D. (2015). Automated driving\u2014Assessment of interaction concepts under real driving conditions. Procedia Manufacturing, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the Affiliated Conferences, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 26\u201330 July 2015, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6mig, N., Wiedemann, K., Naujoks, F., Neukum, A., Leuchtenberg, B., and V\u00f6hringer-Kuhnt, T. (2018). An Augmented Reality Display for Conditionally Automated Driving. Adjunct, Proceedings of the 10th International ACM Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Toronto, ON, Canada, 23\u201325 September 2018, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3239092.3265956"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feierle, A., Beller, D., and Bengler, K. (2019, January 27\u201330). Head-Up Displays in Urban Partially Automated Driving: Effects of Using Augmented Reality *. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), Auckland, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917472"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurer, M., Gerdes, J.C., Lenz, B., and Winner, H. (2015). Wechselwirkung Mensch und autonomer Agent. Autonomes Fahren, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45854-9"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winner, H., Hakuli, S., Lotz, F., and Singer, C. (2015). Verhaltenswissenschafltiche Aspekte von Fahrerassistenzsystemen. Handbuch Fahrerassistenzsysteme: Grundlagen, Komponenten und Systeme f\u00fcr aktive Sicherheit und Komfort, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-05734-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720812441796","article-title":"Simulator training with a forward collision warning system: Effects on driver-system interactions and driver trust","volume":"54","author":"Cavallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butakov, V., and Ioannou, P. (2015, January 15\u201318). Driving autopilot with personalization feature for improved safety and comfort. Proceedings of the IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.72"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahram, T., Taiar, R., Colson, S., and Choplin, A. (2020). What do you do? An analysis of non-driving related activities during a 60 minutes conditionally automated highway drive. Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25629-6"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Alt, F. (2016). Investigating user needs for non-driving-related activities during automated driving. MUM 2016, Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Rovaniemi, Finland, 13\u201315 December 2016, The Association for Computing Machinery, Inc."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2013). ISO\/TS 15007-2. Road Vehicles\u2014Measurement of Driver Visual Behaviour with Respect to Transport Information and Control Systems\u2014Part 2: Equipment and Procedures, ISO."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Technical University of Munich (2020, January 17). Static Driving Simulator. Available online: http:\/\/www.lfe.mw.tum.de\/en\/research\/labs\/static-driving-simulator\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences GmbH (2019, December 14). Driving Simulation and SILAB. Available online: https:\/\/wivw.de\/en\/silab."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2019, December 14). Smart Eye AB. Available online: https:\/\/smarteye.se\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Karakaya, B., Dominioni, G.C., Kawabe, K., and Bengler, K. (2018, January 4\u20137). An HMI concept to improve driver\u2019s visual behavior and situation awareness in automated vehicle. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Maui, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569986"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Yang, Y., G\u00f6tze, M., Laqua, A., Dominioni, G.C., Kawabe, K., and Bengler, K. (2017, January 28\u201330). A method to improve driver\u2019s situation awareness in automated driving. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter 2017 Annual Conference, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagnara, S., Tartaglia, R., Albolino, S., Alexander, T., and Fujita, Y. (2019). Effect on Mode Awareness when Changing from Conditionally to Partially Automated Driving, Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018), Florence, Italy, 26\u201330 August 2018, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96098-2"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Green, P., Pfleging, B., Burnett, G., Gabbard, J., and Oswald, S. (2016). Your Turn or My Turn?. Adjunct, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Ann Arbor, MI, USA, 24\u201326 October 2016, ACM."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Utesch, F. (2014). Unscharfe Warnungen im Kraftfahrzeug Eignet sich eine LED-Leiste als Anzeige f\u00fcr Fahrerassistenzsysteme?. [Ph.D. Thesis, Technischen Universit\u00e4t Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig]."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahram, T., Karwowski, W., Pickl, S., and Taiar, R. (2020). Evaluation of Display Concepts for the Instrument Cluster in Urban Automated Driving. Human Systems Engineering and Design II, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27928-8"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanton, N.A. (2018). Does shifting between conditionally and partially automated driving lead to a loss of mode awareness?. Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60441-1"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"@CITY Consortium (2019, December 14). Automatisiertes Fahren in der Stadt. Available online: https:\/\/www.atcity-online.de\/."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1681","article-title":"The effects of a scheduled driver engagement strategy in automated driving","volume":"59","author":"Blommer","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAGE J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mok, B., Johns, M., Lee, K.J., Miller, D., Sirkin, D., Ive, P., and Ju, W. (2015, January 15\u201318). Emergency, automation off: Unstructured transition timing for distracted drivers of automated vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.396"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Burnett, G., Gabbard, J., Green, P., Osswald, S., Eren, A., and Antrobus, V. (2015). Autonomous Driving: Investigating the Feasibility of Car-Driver Handover Assistance, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Nottingham, UK, 1\u20133 September 2015, ACM."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049499","article-title":"Measurement of situation awareness in dynamic systems","volume":"37","author":"Endsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0389-4304(01)00142-4","article-title":"Adaptive cruise control field operational test-the learning phase","volume":"22","author":"Weinberger","year":"2001","journal-title":"JSAE Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Schegg, R., and Stangl, B. (2017). Attitudes toward autonomous on demand mobility system: The case of self-driving taxi. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017, Springer International Publishing."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/2\/62\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:20:38Z","timestamp":1760361638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/2\/62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["info11020062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11020062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,25]]}}}