{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T22:43:44Z","timestamp":1784414624341,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019370","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/CED-EDG\/32422\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/CED-EDG\/32422\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Augmented reality (AR) is an emergent technology that overlays virtual objects into the real environment. Lately, AR is gaining prominence in education because of its increasing affordability through computers or mobile technologies. In addition, research sustaining the benefits of AR to promote student\u2019s engagement to learn is increasing every day. However, the literature identifies lack of studies about the use of AR in education, namely, studies focused on the development of AR games designed over specific learning objectives (game-based learning). This paper presents a mobile augmented reality platform with learning purposes. The platform includes a mobile application that consists of a location-based game targeted to promote learning about the universe. Furthermore, it includes a back-office that allows teachers to introduce information about celestial bodies and also develop a set of multiple-choice questions to assess student\u2019s learning about the subject matters they teach. The mobile application provides the users with physical movement and social interaction in the real world, while playing the game and for this reason it is included in the pervasive games\u2019 paradigm. Besides engaging the students to play the game, we argue that this platform may be used as a resource to be implemented in informal and formal learning environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11030127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]],"date-time":"2020-02-27T03:21:16Z","timestamp":1582773676000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Design of a Mobile Augmented Reality Platform with Game-Based Learning Purposes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3274-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmental Unit of Mathematics and Physics, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1099-085 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2504-0642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Manso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Cities Research Center (Ci2.ipt), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-3424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Patr\u00edcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Cities Research Center (Ci2.ipt), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar, 2300-313 Tomar, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality","volume":"6","author":"Azuma","year":"1997","journal-title":"Presence: Teleoperator. Virtual Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2015.1057747","article-title":"Effects of an augmented reality-based educational game on students\u2019 learning achievements and attitudes in real-world observations","volume":"24","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fotaris, P., Pellas, N., Kazanidis, I., and Smith, P. (2017, January 5\u20136). A systematic review of Augmented Reality game-based applications in primary education. Proceedings of the 11th European conference on games based learning (ECGBL17), Graz, Austria."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2006.03.004","article-title":"Ubiquitous learning website: Scaffold learners by mobile devices with information-aware techniques","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.03.016","article-title":"Review of trends from mobile learning studies: A meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/09523987.2015.1125988","article-title":"The use of augmented reality games in education: A review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Koutromanos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Educ. Media Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Huang, Z., Hui, P., Pevlo, C., and Chatzoupolos, D. (2013). Mobile augmented reality survey: A bottom-up approach. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"503","article-title":"The use of augmented reality in formal education: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Saltan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eurasia J. Math. Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/1077246.1077257","article-title":"Pervasive games: bringing computer entertainment back to the real world","volume":"3","author":"Magerkurth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Entertain."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Cohen, L., Manion, L., and Keith, M. (2011). Research Methods in Education, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.C., Patr\u00edcio, J.M., Carran\u00e7a, J.A., and Farropo, B. (2018, January 13\u201316). Augmented reality technologies to promote STEM learning. Proceedings of the 2018 13th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Caceres, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISTI.2018.8399267"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2014.964263","article-title":"Gamification and student motivation","volume":"24","author":"Buckley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.C., Manso, A., and Patr\u00edcio, J.M. (2019, January 2\u20133). Design of a mobile augmented reality game in the framework of problem-based learning. Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies (EDULEARN19), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.","DOI":"10.21125\/edulearn.2019.2222"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2019.03.004","article-title":"Augmented reality marketing: How mobile AR-apps can improve brands through inspiration","volume":"49","author":"Rauschnabel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1080\/13683500.2017.1417359","article-title":"New realities: a systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research","volume":"22","author":"Yung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.054","article-title":"Augmented reality tools for industrial applications: What are potential key performance indicators and who benefits?","volume":"87","author":"Jetter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-005-0017-5","article-title":"Augmented reality navigation systems","volume":"4","author":"Narzt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4800-6","article-title":"Systematic review on the effectiveness of augmented reality applications in medical training","volume":"30","author":"Barsom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurubacak, G., and Altinpulluk, H. (2017). Augmented Reality in K-12 Education. Mobile Technologies and Augmented Reality in Open Education, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-2110-5"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.14689\/ejer.2018.74.9","article-title":"The effect of augmented reality applications in the learning process: A meta-analysis study","volume":"18","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eurasia. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2016.11.002","article-title":"Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"20","year":"2017","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, J.T., and Coelho, A.F. (2011). Issues in the development of location-based games. Int. J. Comput. Games Technol.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/495437"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Craig, A.B. (2013). Understanding Augmented Reality \u2013 Concepts and Applications, Morgan Kaufmann.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-240-82408-6.00002-3"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2019.2895105","article-title":"Web AR: a promising future for Mobile Augmented Reality \u2013 State of the Art, challenges and insights","volume":"107","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.030","article-title":"An adoption framework for mobile augmented reality games: The case of Pok\u00e9mon Go","volume":"76","author":"Rauschnabel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Hara, K. (2008, January 5\u201310). Understanding geocaching practices and motivations. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/1357054.1357239"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Sprint, G. (March, January 27). Mobile App Development: Android or iOS? An Experience Report from Teaching Both Platforms. Proceedings of the SIGCSE \u201919: 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, Minneapolis, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zachariah, T., and Dutta, P. (2019, January 27\u201328). Browsing the Web of Things in Mobile Augmented Reality. Proceedings of the HotMobile \u201919: 20th International Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3301293.3302359"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Allamaraju, S. (2010). RESTful Web Services Cookbook, Yahoo Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Manso, A., Costa, M.C., Patr\u00edcio, J.M., and Carvalho, A. (2019, January 30\u201331). PlanetarySystemGO: An augmented reality application to explore the Universe. Proceedings of the 15th China-Europe International Symposium on Software Engineering Education (CEISEE 2019), Lisbon, Portugal."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/3\/127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:01:48Z","timestamp":1760173308000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/3\/127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info11030127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11030127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]]}}}