{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T19:26:12Z","timestamp":1771269972942,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When highly automated driving is realized, the role of the driver will change dramatically. Drivers will even be able to sleep during the drive. However, when awaking from sleep, drivers often experience sleep inertia, meaning they are feeling groggy and are impaired in their driving performance\u2015which can be an issue with the concept of dual-mode vehicles that allow both manual and automated driving. Proactive methods to avoid sleep inertia like the widely applied \u2018NASA nap\u2019 are not immediately practicable in automated driving. Therefore, a reactive countermeasure, the sleep inertia counter-procedure for drivers (SICD), has been developed with the aim to activate and motivate the driver as well as to measure the driver\u2019s alertness level. The SICD is evaluated in a study with N = 21 drivers in a level highly automation driving simulator. The SICD was able to activate the driver after sleep and was perceived as \u201cassisting\u201d by the drivers. It was not capable of measuring the driver\u2019s alertness level. The interpretation of the findings is limited due to a lack of a comparative baseline condition. Future research is needed on direct comparisons of different countermeasures to sleep inertia that are effective and accepted by drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11070342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]],"date-time":"2020-06-30T16:06:54Z","timestamp":1593533214000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Sleep Inertia Countermeasures in Automated Driving: A Concept of Cognitive Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"W\u00f6rle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences; 97209 Veitsh\u00f6chheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Kenntner-Mabiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences; 97209 Veitsh\u00f6chheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Metz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences; 97209 Veitsh\u00f6chheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Fritzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences; 97209 Veitsh\u00f6chheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Purucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences; 97209 Veitsh\u00f6chheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Befelein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W\u00fcrzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences; 97209 Veitsh\u00f6chheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Prill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH; 60547 R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azmat, M., Kummer, S., Moura, L.T., Gennaro, F.D., and Moser, R. (2019). Future Outlook of Highway Operations with Implementation of Innovative Technologies Like AV, CV, IoT and Big Data. Logistics, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics3020015"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2015.04.014","article-title":"Public opinion on automated driving: Results of an international questionnaire among 5000 respondents","volume":"32","author":"Kyriakidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Becker, T., Herrmann, F., Duwe, D., Stegm\u00fcller, S., R\u00f6ckle, F., and Niko, U. (2018). Enabling the Value of Time, Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"638","article-title":"Sleep Medicine, Public Policy, and Public Health","volume":"Volume 6","author":"Kryger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Principles and Practices of Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"SAE (2018). Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, SAE."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"843","article-title":"The sleep inertia phenomenon during the sleep-wake transition: Theoretical and operational issues","volume":"71","author":"Ferrara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aviat. SpaceEnviron. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1995.tb00229.x","article-title":"Alertness management: Strategic naps in operational settings","volume":"4","author":"Rosekind","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"EASA (2019). Commission Regulation (EU) 965\/2012 on air operations. Amendment 16. Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) and Guidance Material (GM) to Annex IV: Commercial Air Transport Operations [Part-CAT], EASA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"CASA (2013). Safety Behaviours, Human Factors Resource Guide for Engineers."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f6rle, J., Metz, B., Othersen, I., and Baumann, M. (2020). Sleep in Highly Automated Driving: Take-over Performance after Waking Up. Accid. Anal. Prev., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105617"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"W\u00f6rle, J., Metz, B., and Baumann, M. (2020). Investigating sleep inertia in automated driving: Methodological considerations and results from a driving simulator study. Accid. Anal. Prev., Under review."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"EuroNCAP (2017). Euro NCAP 2025 Roadmap, EuroNCAP."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2000.0098","article-title":"Sleep inertia","volume":"4","author":"Tassi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"15","article-title":"Normal human sleep: An overview","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Kryger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"AASM (2017). The AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, American Academy of Sleep Medicine."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf228","article-title":"The process of awakening: A PET study of regional brain activity patterns mediating the re-establishment of alertness and consciousness","volume":"125","author":"Balkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2005.09.012","article-title":"The electroencephalographic substratum of the awakening","volume":"167","author":"Ferrara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.12.014","article-title":"Electroencephalographic sleep inertia of the awakening brain","volume":"176","author":"Marzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S188911","article-title":"Sleep inertia: Current insights","volume":"11","author":"Hilditch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Sci. Sleep"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/24.7.813","article-title":"Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia","volume":"24","author":"Price","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730408318081","article-title":"An endogenous circadian rhythm in sleep inertia results in greatest cognitive impairment upon awakening during the biological night","volume":"23","author":"Scheer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5550","article-title":"A 30-minute, but not a 10-minute nighttime nap is associated with sleep inertia","volume":"39","author":"Hilditch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022692","article-title":"Effects of sleep inertia after daytime naps vary with executive load and time of day","volume":"125","author":"Groeger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsz032","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsz032","article-title":"Chronic sleep restriction greatly magnifies performance decrements immediately after awakening","volume":"42","author":"McHill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200895","article-title":"Assessing performance upon abrupt awakening from naps during quasi-continuous operations","volume":"17","author":"Dinges","year":"1985","journal-title":"Behav. Res. MethodsInstrum. Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.122.4.928","article-title":"Sleep inertia varies with circadian phase and sleep stage in older adults","volume":"122","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.1999.00150.x","article-title":"The effects of sleep inertia on decision-making performance","volume":"8","author":"Bruck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"89","article-title":"Stage at awakening, sleep inertia and performance","volume":"5","author":"Cavallero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Res. Online"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"829","article-title":"Recuperative power of a short daytime nap with or without stage 2 sleep","volume":"28","author":"Hayashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Signal, T.L., Gander, P., van den Berg, M., and O\u2019Keeffe, K. (2008). Magnitude and Time Course of Sleep Inertia, Sleep\/Wake Research Center.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA487207"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2015-0236","article-title":"Time to wake up: Reactive countermeasures to sleep inertia","volume":"54","author":"Hilditch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Who\u2019s driving? Autonomous cars may be entering the most dangerous phase","volume":"9","author":"Solon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Guardian"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Guarino, B. (2016). Man Appears to Snooze at the Wheel of His Tesla while the Car Drives Itself on L.A. Highway, The Washington Post."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, K.T., Shin, J., Kim, J., and Ko, M. (2020). Analysis of a Wake-Up Task-Based Mobile Alarm App. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10113993"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","article-title":"Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential","volume":"25","author":"Bradley","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(58)90053-1","article-title":"Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography","volume":"10","author":"Jasper","year":"1958","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"388","article-title":"Circadian Rhythms in Sleepiness, Alertness, and Performance","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Kryger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-090X(96)00025-3","article-title":"A simple procedure for the assessment of acceptance of advanced transport telematics","volume":"5","author":"Heino","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00254","article-title":"Exercising caution upon waking\u2013can exercise reduce sleep inertia?","volume":"11","author":"Kovac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/7\/342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:45:35Z","timestamp":1760175935000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/7\/342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["info11070342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11070342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,30]]}}}