{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:37:31Z","timestamp":1777383451087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Ministry of Economy","award":["GEPRO_TED_MP_SEGES_AUTOMA\u00c7\u00c3O_2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GEPRO_TED_MP_SEGES_AUTOMA\u00c7\u00c3O_2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital Transformation is under constant evolution. Organizations that were not already created in the digital environment need to digitalize their services. The process used to do so may involve not only elements of technology, but also social, political and organizational aspects. While there is no holistic method to implement digital transformation, organizations learn from successful cases in order to build their own way to implement digital transformation. This paper presents the process through which a physically delivered service provided by the Brazilian federal government was transformed into a digital service. This was performed with a prototyping approach made of six steps: diagnose the service, analyze the service, identify the requirements, and elaborate, verify, and validate the prototype. To perform the digitalization, an automation tool was used, and there was constant interaction with the service provider. This article offers a detailed process to implement digitalization by means of prototyping, which can be used by other organizations to make services digital.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11090413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]],"date-time":"2020-08-27T08:05:18Z","timestamp":1598515518000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Digitalization by Means of a Prototyping Process: The Case of a Brazilian Public Service"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4443-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John L.","family":"Gardenghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Application Center (ITRAC), Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 72444-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5166-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas G.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Application Center (ITRAC), Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 72444-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayane M.","family":"Alcantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Application Center (ITRAC), Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 72444-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8243-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rejane M. C.","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Application Center (ITRAC), Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 72444-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6235-5590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane S.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Application Center (ITRAC), Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 72444-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6738-3788","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Luiz C. M.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology Research and Application Center (ITRAC), Faculty UnB Gama, University of Bras\u00edlia, Bras\u00edlia CEP 72444-240, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Digital Public Services, Special Secretary of Debureaucratization, Management and Digital Government at the Ministry of Economy, Brazilian Federal Government, Bras\u00edlia CEP 70770-524, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2019.01.003","article-title":"Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda","volume":"28","author":"Vial","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., and Haug, N. (2019). Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews. Gov. Inf. Q.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2019.06.002"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00e3o, H.A.T., and Canedo, E.D. (2018, January 17\u201319). Digitization of Public Services: A Systematic Literature Review. Proceedings of the 17th Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality, Curitiba, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/3275245.3275255"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Boscarioli, C., Araujo, R.M., and Maciel, R.S.P. (2017). I GranDSI-BR\u2014Grand Research Challenges in Information Systems in Brazil 2016\u20132026, Brazilian Computer Society (SBC). Special Committee on Information Systems (CE-SI)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (2014). Recommendation of the Council on Digital Government Strategies, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (2016). Digital Government. Broadband Policies for Latin America and the Caribbean: A Digital Economy Toolkit, OECD Publishing. Chapter 12."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kane, G.C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A.N., Kiron, D., and Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, Not Technology, Drives Digital Transformation, Deloitte University Press. Available online: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/cn\/Documents\/technology-media-telecommunications\/deloitte-cn-tmt-strategy-not-technologydrive-digital-transformation-en-150930.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2015.07.001","article-title":"Digital government evolution: From transformation to contextualization","volume":"32","author":"Janowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Accenture Consulting (2016). Digital Government: \u201cGood Enough for Government\u201d Is Not Good Enough, Accenture Consulting. Available online: https:\/\/www.accenture.com\/t20160912t095949__w__\/us-en\/_acnmedia\/pdf-30\/accenture-digital-citizen-experience-pulse-survey-pov.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2018.11.003","article-title":"Digital transformation strategy making in pre-digital organizations: The case of a financial services provider","volume":"28","author":"Chanias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Archer, G. (2015). Government Portals Are Evolving to Enable Digital Government, Gartner Inc.. Available online: https:\/\/www.gartner.com\/en\/documents\/2995021\/government-portals-are-evolving-to-enable-digital-govern."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marolt, M., Pucihar, A., Lenart, G., and Vidmar, D. (2019, January 20\u201324). Digital transformation scoreboard\u2014Case of Slovenia and Croatia. Proceedings of the 2019 42nd International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2019.8757038"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parra, D.T., Angulo, L., Sandoval, J., and Guerrero, C.D. (2019, January 19\u201322). Digital Transformation in Colombia: An Exploratory Study on ICT Adoption in Organizations. Proceedings of the 2019 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISTI.2019.8760608"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2017.09.001","article-title":"Aligning with new digital strategy: A dynamic capabilities approach","volume":"27","author":"Yeow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adoption and Use of E-Government Services: A Case Study on E-Procurement in Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Kaliannan","year":"2010","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESDF.2019.098729","article-title":"Study of e-governance in India: A survey","volume":"11","author":"Anand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Secur. Digit. Forensics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Larsson, A., and Teigland, R. (2020). Digital Transformation and Public Services: Societal Impacts in Sweden and Beyond, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429319297"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Parra, R.D. (2019, January 15\u201317). The influence of digital transformation of government on peruvian citizen trust. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Canc\u00fan, Mexico."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"23","article-title":"Service, Openness and Engagement as Digitally-Based Enablers of Public Value: A Critical Examination of Digital Government in Canada","volume":"6","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Adm. Digit. Age"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"155","article-title":"Digital readiness in government: The case of Bah\u00eda Blanca municipal government","volume":"11","author":"Zuntini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron. Gov."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S., and Rakhmatullayev, Z.M. (2019, January 17\u201320). Digital Transformation of the Public Service Delivery System in Uzbekistan. Proceedings of the 2019 21st International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), Pyeongchang, Korea.","DOI":"10.23919\/ICACT.2019.8702014"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Lindgren, I., and van Veenstra, A.F. (June, January 30). Digital Government Transformation: A Case Illustrating Public e-Service Development as Part of Public Sector Transformation. Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research: Governance in the Data Age, Delft, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2020, August 06). Brazil. Decreto n. 8.638, de 15 de janeiro de 2016. Pol\u00edtica de Governan\u00e7a Digital, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/CCIVIL_03\/_Ato2015-2018\/2016\/Decreto\/D8638.htm."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, August 06). Brazil. Decreto n. 8.936, de 19 de dezembro de 2016. Plataforma de Cidadania Digital, Available online: http:\/\/www.planalto.gov.br\/ccivil_03\/_ato2015-2018\/2016\/decreto\/D8936.htm."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Brazil, Ministry of Economy (2020, July 27). Estrat\u00e9gia de Governo Digital 2020\u20132022, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/governodigital\/pt-br\/EGD2020."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2014.08.001","article-title":"Digital government transformation and internet portals: The co-evolution of technology, organizations, and institutions","volume":"31","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moncayo, M.B., and Anticona, M.T. (April, January 30). A systematic review based on Kitchengam\u2019s criteria about use of specific models to implement e-government solutions. Proceedings of the 2016 Third International Conference on eDemocracy eGovernment (ICEDEG), Sangolqu\u00ed, Ecuador.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEDEG.2016.7461700"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"252","article-title":"Digital Transformation of the Italian Public Administration: A Case Study","volume":"46","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2019.103262","article-title":"Strategy archetypes for digital transformation: Defining meta objectives using business process management","volume":"57","author":"Fischer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Datta, P., Walker, L., and Amarilli, F. (2020). Digital transformation: Learning from Italy\u2019s public administration. J. Inf. Technol. Teach. Cases.","DOI":"10.1177\/2043886920910437"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2020.101487","article-title":"Towards a comprehensive understanding of digital transformation in government: Analysis of flexibility and enterprise architecture","volume":"37","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"March, J.G. (1965). Applied organizational change in industry: Structural, technological and humanistic approaches. Handbook of Organizations, Rand McNally & Co."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Fountain, J.E. (2001). Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change, Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-05-2017-0122","article-title":"Business strategy modelling based on enterprise architecture: A state of the art review","volume":"25","author":"Kitsios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bus. Process Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Themistocleous, M., and Papadaki, M. (2020). Digital Transformation in the Public Sector: Identifying Critical Success Factors. Information Systems, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martynov, V.V., Shavaleeva, D.N., and Zaytseva, A.A. Information Technology as the Basis for Transformation into a Digital Society and Industry 5.0. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference Quality Management, Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies (IT QM IS), Sochi, Russia, 23\u201327 September 2019.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITQMIS.2019.8928305"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitsios, F., and Kamariotou, M. (2019). Service innovation process digitization: Areas for exploitation and exploration. J. Hosp. Tour. Technol.","DOI":"10.1108\/JHTT-02-2019-0041"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.M. (2019, January 18\u201320). Governance Lessons from Denmark\u2019s Digital Transformation. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Dubai, UAE."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Nielsen, M.M., and Jordanoski, Z. (2020). Digital Transformation, Governance and Coordination Models: A Comparative Study of Australia, Denmark and the Republic of Korea. The 21st Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Association for Computing Machinery."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"365","article-title":"Electronic government assessment in West Java province, Indonesia","volume":"96","author":"Irawati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majaliwa, A., and Simba, F. (2019, January 8\u201310). Development of Extension Procedures to Enhance web-based e-Government System with SMS Mobile Based Service. Proceedings of the 2019 IST-Africa Week Conference (IST-Africa), Nairobi, Kenya.","DOI":"10.23919\/ISTAFRICA.2019.8764888"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Wimmer, M.A., Scholl, H.J., and Ferro, E. (2008). Citizen Participation and Involvement in eGovernment Projects: An Emergent Framework. Electronic Government, Springer."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2009.02.007","article-title":"Requirements engineering for e-Government services: A citizen-centric approach and case study","volume":"26","author":"Derks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djeddi, A., and Djilali, I. (2015, January 23\u201325). A User Centered Ubiquitous Government Design Framework. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Information Processing, Security and Advanced Communication. Association for Computing Machinery, IPAC \u201915, Batna, Algeria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2816839.2816860"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-017-0484-2","article-title":"Digitalization: Opportunity and Challenge for the Business and Information Systems Engineering Community","volume":"59","author":"Legner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barreto, S., Silva, J., Lopes, N., Ribeiro, O., and Mariz, C. (2018, January 13\u201316). Technical assistance to school network using BPM. Proceedings of the 2018 13th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Caceres, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISTI.2018.8399310"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le\u00e3o, H., and Canedo, E. (2018). Best Practices and Methodologies to Promote the Digitization of Public Services Citizen-Driven: A Systematic Literature Review. Information, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/info9080197"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Figueiredo, R.M.C., Soares, V.A., Martins, L.B., Almeida, M.L.F.A., Melo, L.S., and Ramos, C.S. (2019). Governo Digital Brasileiro: Relat\u00f3rio T\u00e9cnico, Faculty UnB Gama, University of Brasilia. Available online: https:\/\/repositorio.unb.br\/handle\/10482\/34787."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Brazil, Ministry of Economy (2020, July 27). Automa\u00e7\u00e3o de Servi\u00e7os, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.br\/governodigital\/pt-br\/transformacao-digital\/ferramentas\/automacao-de-servicos."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Recker, J., Indulska, M., and Green, P. (2006, January 12\u201314). How good is BPMN really? Insights from theory and practice. Proceedings of the ECIS 2006 Proceedings, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"vom Brocke, J., and Rosemann, M. (2015). The Six Core Elements of Business Process Management. Handbook on Business Process Management 1: Introduction, Methods, and Information Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45100-3"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Fischer, L. (2017). Digital Transformation with Business Process Management, Future Strategies."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1718007","article-title":"Digital transformation and the new logics of business process management","volume":"29","author":"Baiyere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"42","article-title":"Strategies for Managing Critical Success Factors of BPM Initiatives in Brazilian Public Organizations: A Qualitative Empirical Study","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"iSys Rev. Brasil. Sistemas Inform."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Vom Brocke, J., and Mendling, J. (2015). Business Process Management Cases: Digital Innovation and Business Transformation in Practice, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Object Management Group, Inc. (2014). Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) Version 2.0.2, Object Management Group, Inc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"vom Brocke, J., and Rosemann, M. (2015). BPMN 2.0 for Modeling Business Processes. Handbook on Business Process Management 1: Introduction, Methods, and Information Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45100-3"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2011.06.002","article-title":"BPMN: An introduction to the standard","volume":"34","author":"Chinosi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budde, R., Kuhlenkamp, K., Mathiassen, L., and Z\u00fcllighoven, H. (1984). A Systematic Look at Prototyping. Approaches to Prototyping, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69796-8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, D., Mishra, A., and Yazici, A. (2008, January 4\u20136). Successful requirement elicitation by combining requirement engineering techniques. Proceedings of the 2008 First International Conference on the Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies (ICADIWT), Ostrava, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICADIWT.2008.4664355"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-sen.2017.0144","article-title":"Requirements elicitation techniques: A systematic literature review based on the maturity of the techniques","volume":"12","author":"Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Softw."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Araujo, A.F., Oliveira, J.L., Silva, A.F., Machado, B.N., Louzada, J.A., and Soares, P.M. (2016, January 17\u201322). An Approach to Requirements Engineering Applied to Information Systems. Proceedings of the XII Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems on Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems: Information Systems in the Cloud Computing Era\u2014Volume 1, Florian\u00f3polis, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aurum, A., and Wohlin, C. (2005). Engineering and Managing Software Requirements, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28244-0"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, A., Dieste, O., Hickey, A., Juristo, N., and Moreno, A.M. (2006, January 11\u201315). Effectiveness of Requirements Elicitation Techniques: Empirical Results Derived from a Systematic Review. Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE\u201906), St. Paul, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RE.2006.17"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"August, J. (1991). Joint Application Design: The Group Session Approach to System Design, Prentice Hall, Inc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1993.11518009","article-title":"Using Group Support Systems and Joint Application Development for Requirements Specification","volume":"10","author":"Liou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Agruss, C., and Johnson, B. (2000). Ad Hoc Software Testing: A Perspective on Exploration And Improvisation, Florida Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"66","article-title":"Introduction To Adhoc Testing","volume":"1","author":"Chhabra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Lecom (2020, August 06). BPM Studio. Available online: https:\/\/www.lecom.com.br\/plataforma-lecom\/bpm\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Martino, B., Esposito, A., Nacchia, S., and Maisto, S.A. (2015, January 11\u201313). Semantic Annotation of BPMN: Current Approaches and New Methodologies. Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information Integration and Web-Based Applications & Services, Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1145\/2837185.2837257"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4018\/IJISMD.2020040103","article-title":"An Ontology for BPM in Digital Transformation and Innovation","volume":"11","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Syst. Model. Des."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/9\/413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:07:30Z","timestamp":1760177250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/11\/9\/413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["info11090413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info11090413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,27]]}}}