{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:24:19Z","timestamp":1779189859590,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]],"date-time":"2020-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence and outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) had a devasting effect on global health, the economy, and individuals\u2019 daily lives. Timely diagnosis of COVID-19 is a crucial task, as it reduces the risk of pandemic spread, and early treatment will save patients\u2019 life. Due to the time-consuming, complex nature, and high false-negative rate of the gold-standard RT-PCR test used for the diagnosis of COVID-19, the need for an additional diagnosis method has increased. Studies have proved the significance of X-ray images for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The dissemination of deep-learning techniques on X-ray images can automate the diagnosis process and serve as an assistive tool for radiologists. In this study, we used four deep-learning models\u2014DenseNet121, ResNet50, VGG16, and VGG19\u2014using the transfer-learning concept for the diagnosis of X-ray images as COVID-19 or normal. In the proposed study, VGG16 and VGG19 outperformed the other two deep-learning models. The study achieved an overall classification accuracy of 99.3%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11090419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,30]],"date-time":"2020-08-30T06:06:22Z","timestamp":1598767582000},"page":"419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["A Deep-Learning-Based Framework for Automated Diagnosis of COVID-19 Using X-ray Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Irfan Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 1982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nida","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Dammam 1982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, June 15). 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