{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:44Z","timestamp":1787028584799,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]],"date-time":"2020-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This paper is supported under grant Fundamental Research Grant Scheme FRGS \/1\/2018\/TK04\/UKM \/02\/07 and Dana Impak Perdana","award":["UKM DIP-2018-040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UKM DIP-2018-040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANETs) is a wireless network topology with mobile network nodes and movable communication routes. In addition, the network nodes in MANETs are free to either join or leave the network. Typically, routing in MANETs is multi-hop because of the limited communication range of nodes. Then, routing protocols have been developed for MANETs. Among them, energy-aware location-aided routing (EALAR) is an efficient reactive MANET routing protocol that has been recently obtained by integrating particle swarm optimization (PSO) with mutation operation into the conventional LAR protocol. However, the mutation operation (nonuniform) used in EALAR has some drawbacks, which make EALAR provide insufficient exploration, exploitation, and diversity of solutions. Therefore, this study aims to propose to apply the Optimized PSO (OPSO) via adopting a mutation operation (uniform) instead of nonuniform. The OPSO is integrated into the LAR protocol to enhance all critical performance metrics, including packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, overhead, and end-to-end delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info11110529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T11:04:20Z","timestamp":1605524660000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Optimized Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the Realization of an Enhanced Energy-Aware Location-Aided Routing Protocol in MANET"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taj-Aldeen Naser","family":"Abdali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosilah","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8999-9548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravie Chandren","family":"Muniyandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-6736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azana Hafizah","family":"Mohd Aman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0941-7318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang Ngoc","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6746-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Salih","family":"Al-Khaleefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Cyber Security, Faculty of Information Science and Technology (FTSM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Techniques Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Jafar Al-Sadiq University, Maysan 10011, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2015.7113228","article-title":"Information-centric network function virtualization over 5G mobile wireless networks","volume":"29","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupak, L., and Banerjee, S. 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