{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:42:06Z","timestamp":1787064126332,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper studies the use of three different approaches to reduce the dimensionality of a type of spectral\u2013temporal features, called motion picture expert group (MPEG)-7 audio signature descriptors (ASD). The studied approaches include principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), and factor analysis (FA). These approaches are applied to ASD features obtained from audio items with or without distortion. These low-dimensional features are used as queries to a dataset containing low-dimensional features extracted from undistorted items. Doing so, we may investigate the distortion-resistant capability of each approach. The experimental results show that features obtained by the ICA or FA reduction approaches have higher identification accuracy than the PCA approach for moderately distorted items. Therefore, to extract features from distorted items, ICA or FA approaches should also be considered in addition to the PCA approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T20:39:29Z","timestamp":1608669569000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Study of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Spectral\u2013Temporal Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-1300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shingchern D.","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Jen","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITE Tech, Inc., Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grauman, K., and Leibe, B. (2010). Visual Object Recognition, Morgan & Claypool Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-01553-3"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S.D., Chen, W.-H., and Chen, W.-K. (2013). Music identification system using MPEG-7 audio signature descriptors. Sci. World J.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/752464"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-013-1670-y","article-title":"Comparative study of methods for reducing dimensionality of MPEG-7 audio signature descriptors","volume":"74","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Gold, B., and Morgan, N. (2000). Speech and Audio Signal Processing, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) (2002). Information Technology\u2014Multimedia Content Description Interface\u2014Part 4: Audio, ISO\/IEC. ISO\/IEC 15938-4."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(00)00026-5","article-title":"Independent component analysis: Algorithms and applications","volume":"13","author":"Oja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neur. Netw."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"94","article-title":"Survey on independent component analysis","volume":"2","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neur. Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01061.x","article-title":"ADJUST: An Automatic EEG artifact Detector based on the Joint Use of Spatial and Temporal features","volume":"48","author":"Mognon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S.D., and Li, Y.-C. (2020, January 1\u20133). Predicting Viewer\u2019s Preference for Music Videos Using EEG Dataset. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics\u2014Asia (ICCE-Asia), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Asia49877.2020.9277435"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Johnson, R.J., and Wichern, D.W. (2007). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis, Pearson Prentice hall. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wu, N., and Zhang, J. (2003, January 18\u201320). Factor analysis based anomaly detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Information Assurance Workshop, West Point, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2005.01.005","article-title":"Factor-analysis based anomaly detection and clustering","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fodor, I.K. (2002). A Survey of Dimension Reduction Techniques.","DOI":"10.2172\/15002155"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, S.D., and Hung, M.-J. (2020, January 26\u201329). Reducing Dimensionality of Spectro-Temporal Data by Independent Component Analysis. Proceedings of the 2020 2nd International Conference on Computer Communication and the Internet (ICCCI), Nagoya, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCI49374.2020.9145984"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2742059","article-title":"Using Paired Distances of Signal Peaks in Stereo Channels as Fingerprints for Copy Identification","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Multimed. Comput. Commun. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1145\/1145287.1145312","article-title":"The Shazam music recognition service","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Shlens, J. (2014). A tutorial on principal component analysis. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289343","article-title":"A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis","volume":"34","year":"1969","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Sharma, S., Sharma, P., and Kulathunga, K. (2020). Sharma Role of Personalization in Continuous Use Intention of Mobile News Apps in India: Extending the UTAUT2 Model. Information, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/info11010033"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.09.2.p079","article-title":"A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Yong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tutor. Quant. Methods Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) (1993). Information Technology\u2014Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio for Digital Storage Media at up to About 1.5 Mbit\/s\u2014Part 3: Audio, ISO\/IEC. ISO\/IEC 11172-3."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:12Z","timestamp":1760179692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["info12010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]}}}