{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T18:55:07Z","timestamp":1784055307864,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004919","name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5-20-01-007-0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5-20-01-007-0006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A crisis is an exceptional event that causes damage and negative impacts on organizations. For this reason, crisis management is considered as a significant action needed to follow crisis causes and consequences for preventing or avoiding these exceptional events from occurring again. Studies have devoted their efforts to proposing methods, techniques, and approaches in the crisis management direction. As a result, it is critical to provide a consolidated study that has an integrated view of proposed crisis management methods, crisis impacts, and effective response strategies. For this purpose, this paper first highlights the proposed techniques used in crisis management and presents the main objective behind each technique. Second, the risks and impacts resulting from a crisis are highlighted. Finally, crisis response strategies are discussed. The major contribution of this study is it can guide researchers to define research gaps or new directions in crisis management and choose the proper techniques that cope with their research problems or help them discover new research problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12010018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1609797516000},"page":"18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Crisis Management Art from the Risks to the Control: A Review of Methods and Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8582-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computers and Artificial Intelligence, Beni-Suef University, Giza 8655, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7746-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louai","family":"Alarabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24236, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdeltawab","family":"Hendawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan, J., and Mahoney, P.F. (2002). Catastrophes-Natural and Man-Made Disasters. Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0215-1"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Trade Organization (WTO) (2020, December 29). Trade Set to Plunge as COVID-19 Pandemic Upends Global Economy, Available online: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/newse\/pres20e\/pr855e.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Kettebekov, N.K.E.S.S., and Sharma, R. (2002, January 4). Multimodal human-computer interaction for crisis management systems. Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Linlejohn, R. (1983). Crisis Management: A Team Approach, American Management Associations."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"39","article-title":"RoboCup Rescue: A Grand Challenge for Multiagent and Intelligent Systems","volume":"22","author":"Kitano","year":"2001","journal-title":"AI Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1109\/TPC.2010.2046099","article-title":"Ongoing Crisis Communication: Planning, Managing, and Responding, (Coombs, WT) and Handbook of Risk and Crisis Communication (Heath, RL and O\u2019Hair, HD, Eds.) [Book reviews]","volume":"53","author":"Youngblood","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Prof. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Fink, S. (1986). Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable, American Management Association."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/108602669300700103","article-title":"Crisis theory\/practice: Towards a sustainable future","volume":"7","author":"Shrivastava","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ind. Environ. Crisis Q."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0957-4174(95)00035-6","article-title":"EXSGACM: An expert system for gas crisis management","volume":"10","author":"Tsang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Schoenharl, T., Madey, G., Szab\u00f3, G., and Barab\u00e1si, A.L. (2020, December 29). WIPER: A Multi-Agent System for Emergency Response. Available online: http:\/\/idl.iscram.org\/files\/schoenharl\/2006\/921_Schoenharl_etal2006.pdf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2011.03.010","article-title":"A service oriented architecture for decision support systems in environmental crisis management","volume":"28","author":"Vescoukis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4174(03)00107-6","article-title":"Intelligent multi-agent support for the contingency management system","volume":"26","author":"Sheremetov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S427","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw305","article-title":"epiDMS: Data management and analytics for decision-making from epidemic spread simulation ensembles","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1","article-title":"The GLEaMviz computational tool, a publicly available software to explore realistic epidemic spreading scenarios at the global scale","volume":"11","author":"Gioannini","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colizza, V., Barrat, A., Barthelemy, M., Valleron, A.J., and Vespignani, A. (2007). Modeling the worldwide spread of pandemic influenza: Baseline case and containment interventions. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040013"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740610680587","article-title":"Crisis management or crisis response system?: A complexity science approach to organizational crises","volume":"44","author":"Paraskevas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roemer, M., Tang, L., Bharadwaj, S., and Belcastro, C. (2008, January 18\u201321). An integrated aircraft health assessment and fault contingency management system for aircraft. Proceedings of the AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-6505"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"31","article-title":"Crisis response information networks","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03341116","article-title":"School crisis teams within an incident command system","volume":"11","author":"Nickerson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calif. Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, S., Pipattanasomporn, M., and Teklu, Y. (2007, January 24\u201328). Intelligent distributed autonomous power systems (IDAPS). Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PES.2007.386043"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"3","article-title":"The design of a dynamic emergency response management information system (DERMIS)","volume":"5","author":"Turoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Theory Appl."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Data Sets, Modeling, and Decision Making in Smart Cities: A Survey","volume":"4","author":"Hendawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Cyber-Phys. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Franke, J.L., Jameson, S.M., Paradis, R.D., and Szczerba, R.J. (2005). Hierarchical contingency management system for mission planners, 2011. (8,078,319), US Patent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6419.2007.00505.x","article-title":"Calculating tragedy: Assessing the costs of terrorism","volume":"21","author":"Frey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.5367\/000000003322663221","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of foot and mouth disease on tourism and the UK economy","volume":"9","author":"Blake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287511400754","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of the global economic crisis and swine flu on inbound tourism demand in the United Kingdom","volume":"51","author":"Page","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-4079(09)61435-4","article-title":"Swine flu spans the great divide","volume":"202","author":"Alcabes","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Fuente, J.B.A.D., and Santos, I. (2020, December 30). Do Natural Disasters Affect Human Capital? An Assessment Based on Existing Empirical Evidence. Available online: http:\/\/gpss.vizzuality.com\/assets\/resources\/do_natural_disasters_affect_human_capital.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Berlemann, M., and Wenzel, D. (2020, December 30). Long-Term Growth Effects of Natural Disasters\u2014Empirical Evidence for Droughts. Available online: https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2701762."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keen, M., Mani, M., and Freeman, P.K. (2003). Dealing with Increased Risk of Natural Disasters: Challenges and Options. IMF Work. Pap., 1\u201338.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.880324"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hochrainer, S. (2009). Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Are There Any?, The World Bank.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-4968"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"20","article-title":"Economics of natural disasters: A critical review","volume":"12","author":"Okuyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"Resear. Paper"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/0973801018800087","article-title":"Economic impact of natural disasters: An empirical re-examination","volume":"13","author":"Panwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Margin: J. Appl. Econ. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamison, D.T., Gelband, H., and Horton, S. (2017). Chapter 17: Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation. Disease Control Priorities: Improving Health and Reducing Poverty, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-0527-1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goniewicz, K., Misztal-Oko\u0144ska, P., Paw\u0142owski, W., Burkle, F.M., Czerski, R., Hertelendy, A.J., and Goniewicz, M. (2020). Evacuation from Healthcare Facilities in Poland: Legal Preparedness and Preparation. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051779"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bradt, F.M.B.D.A., and Ryan, B.J. (2020). Global Public Health Database Support to Population-Based Management of Pandemics and Global Public Health Crises, Part I: The Concept. Prehospital Disaster Med., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.2002.0022","article-title":"Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918\u20131920 \u2018Spanish\u2019 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Hist. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKibbin, W.J., and Sidorenko, A.A. (2006). Global Macroeconomic Consequences of Pandemic Influenza, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis.","DOI":"10.1162\/asep.2006.5.1.92"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv534","article-title":"Global Mortality Impact of the 1957\u20131959 Influenza Pandemic","volume":"213","author":"Viboud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"547","article-title":"Changing Virulence of the SARS Virus: The Epidemiological Evidence","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.03.003","article-title":"The Economic Impact of SARS: How Does the Reality Match the Predictions?","volume":"88","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70121-4","article-title":"Estimated Global Mortality Associated with the First 12 Months of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A H1N1 Virus Circulation: A Modelling Study","volume":"12","author":"Dawood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.W., Yoon, S.K., and Oh, I.H. (2012). The Economic Burden of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Influenza in Korea. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 390\u2013396.","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2012.749423"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2016.12.001","article-title":"Exploring effective crisis response strategies","volume":"43","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Relations Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macpherson, R.I.S., and Burkle, F.M. (2020). Humanitarian Aid Workers: The Forgotten First Responders. Prehosp. Disaster Med., 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X20001326"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2005.05.003","article-title":"Stealing thunder: Analysis of the effects of proactive disclosure of crisis information","volume":"31","author":"Arpan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Relat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2011.09.001","article-title":"Crisis response and crisis timing strategies, two sides of the same coin","volume":"38","author":"Claeys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Relat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/0021943613497056","article-title":"The Effects of Crisis Response Strategies on Relationship Quality Outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Ki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"3","article-title":"Rapid assessment of household needs in the Houston area after tropical storm Allison","volume":"2002","author":"Waring","year":"2002","journal-title":"Disaster Manag. Response"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005). Norovirus outbreak among evacuees from Hurricane Katrina\u2014Houston, Texas, September 2005. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 54, 1016\u20131018."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.12.1070","article-title":"An observational study to detect leptospirosis in Mumbai, India, 2000","volume":"88","author":"Karande","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, December 30). Flooding and Communicable Diseases Fact Sheet. Risk Assessment and Preventive Measures. Available online: www.who.int\/hac\/techguidance\/ems\/floodcds\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"45","article-title":"clinical distinction and evaluation of Leptospirosis in Taiwan\u2014A case control study","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020, December 30). Factors that Contributed to Undetected Spread of the Ebola Virus and Impeded Rapid Containment, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/disease\/ebola\/one-year-report\/factors\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"m1198","article-title":"Covid-19: Risk Factors for Severe Disease and Death","volume":"368","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res.)"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Public Health England (2020, December 30). Guidance on Social Distancing for Everyone in the UK, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-guidance-on-social-distancing-and-for-vulnerable-people\/guidance-on-social-distancing-for-everyone-in-the-uk-and-protecting-older-people-and-vulnerable-adults."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Public Health England (2020, December 30). Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Uptake in GP Patients: Winter Season 2018 to 2019, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.ukgovernmentstatisticsseasonal-flu-vaccine-uptake-ingp-patients-winter-2018-to-201."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Gov.uk (2020, December 30). New Rules on Staying at Home and Away from Others, Available online: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, R., Zhu, L., Xue, L., Liu, L., Yan, X., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Xu, T., Ji, F., and Zhao, Y. (2020). Clinical Findings of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Jiangsu Province, China: A Retrospective, Multi-Center Study. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008280"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus\u2013Infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4344","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa415","article-title":"Obesity in patients younger than 60 years is a risk factor for Covid-19 hospital admission","volume":"71","author":"Lighter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.006","article-title":"Risk Factors for Severity and Mortality in Adult COVID-19 Inpatients in Wuhan","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"BMJ (2020, December 30). Underlying illness risk factors for severe COVID-19 or death, ScienceDaily. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2020\/06\/200601101308.htm."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hendawi, A.M., Khalefa, M., Liu, H., Ali, M., and Stankovic, J.A. (November, January 31). A Vision for Micro and Macro Location Aware Services. Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGSPATIAL International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems, Burlingame, CA, USA."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/1\/18\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:50Z","timestamp":1760159210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/1\/18"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["info12010018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12010018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]}}}