{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T23:03:55Z","timestamp":1773702235743,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Social Science Fund of China","award":["17BC043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17BC043"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focusing on virtual reality (VR) and film cutting, this study compared and evaluated the effect of visual mode (2D, VR) and cutting rate (fast, medium, slow) on a load, to make an attempt for VR research to enter the cognitive field. This study uses a 2 \u00d7 3 experimental research design. Forty participants were divided into one of two groups randomly and watched films with three cutting rates. The subjective and objective data were collected during the experiment. The objective results confirm that VR films bring more powerful alpha, beta, theta wave activities, and bring a greater load. The subjective results confirm that the fast cutting rate brings a greater load. These results provide a theoretical support for further exploring the evaluation methods and standards of VR films and improving the viewing experience in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12030130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:48:22Z","timestamp":1615981702000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["From 2D to VR Film: A Research on the Load of Different Cutting Rates Based on EEG Data Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Film Special Effects Engineering Technology Research Center, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Film Academy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","article-title":"EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis","volume":"29","author":"Klimesch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Entropy index in quantitative EEG measurement for diagnosis accuracy","volume":"63","author":"Vergallo","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.14361\/9783839410233-007","article-title":"Cinemetrics, Part of the Humanities\u2019 Cyberinfrastructure","volume":"Volume 27","author":"Michael","year":"2009","journal-title":"Digital Tools in Media Studies: Analysis and Research. An Overview"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13770","article-title":"Differential effects of film on preschool children\u2019s behaviour dependent on editing pace","volume":"106","author":"Cooper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2018.12.003","article-title":"Disentangling the effects of video pace and story realism on children\u2019s attention and response inhibition","volume":"49","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2019.1630628","article-title":"The Short-Term Effect of Video Editing Pace on Children\u2019s Inhibition and N2 and P3 ERP Components during Visual Go\/No-Go Task","volume":"44","author":"Coope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2013.790483","article-title":"Mental workload measurement for emergency operating procedures in digital nuclear power plants","volume":"56","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-141041","article-title":"Improving pilot mental workload evaluation with combined measures","volume":"24","author":"Wanyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bio-Med Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","article-title":"Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research","volume":"52","author":"Hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-019-09681-4","article-title":"Validating theta power as an objective measure of cognitive load in educational video","volume":"68","author":"Kruger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cepeda-Freyre, H.A., Garcia-Aguilar, G., Eguibar, J.R., and Cortes, C. (2020). Brain Processing of Complex Geometric Forms in a Visual Memory Task Increases P2 Amplitude. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10020114"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Electroencephalographic Workload Indicators During Teleoperation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Shepherding a Swarm of Unmanned Ground Vehicles in Contested Environments","volume":"14","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"344","article-title":"EEG and ECG changes during simulator operation reflect mental workload and vigilance","volume":"76","author":"Dussault","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2956459","article-title":"Assessing Neural Compensation with Visuospatial Working Memory Load Using Near-Infrared Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Ung","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2960413","article-title":"Detecting Users\u2019 Cognitive Load by Galvanic Skin Response with Affective Interference","volume":"7","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4375(03)00027-6","article-title":"Development of an algorithm for an EEG-based driver fatigue countermeasure","volume":"34","author":"Lal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.08.013","article-title":"EEG-based cognitive load of processing events in 3D virtual worlds is lower than processing events in 2D displays","volume":"122","author":"Dan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2019.02.012","article-title":"The Role of EEG and EMG combined Virtual Reality gaming system in facial palsy rehabilitation\u2014A case report","volume":"23","author":"Qidwai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kweon, S.H., Kweon, H.J., Kim, S., Li, X., Liu, X., and Kweon, H.L. (2017, January 17\u221221). A brain wave research on VR (virtual reality) usage: Comparison between VR and 2D video in EEG measurement. Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60366-7_19"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089506","article-title":"Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision","volume":"303","author":"Hasson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3167\/proj.2008.020102","article-title":"Neurocinematics: The Neuroscience of Film","volume":"2","author":"Hasson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Projections"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Jung, T.P., Humphries, C., Lee, T.W., Makeig, S., McKeown, M.J., Iragui, V., and Sejnowski, T.J. (1998, January 2). Removing Electroencephalographic Artifacts: Comparison Between ICA and PCA.  Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE Signal Processing Society Workshop (Cat. No.98TH8378), Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00601","article-title":"MATLAB Toolboxes for Reference Electrode Standardization Technique (REST) of Scalp EEG","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163426","article-title":"Effects of Mental Load and Fatigue on Steady-State Evoked Potential Based Brain Computer Interface Tasks: A Comparison of Periodic Flickering and Motion-Reversal Based Visual Attention","volume":"11","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICA-Derived EEG Correlates to Mental Fatigue, Effort, and Workload in a Realistically Simulated Air Traffic Control Task","volume":"11","author":"Deepika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.01.013","article-title":"EEG index for control operators\u2019 mental fatigue monitoring using interactions between brain regions","volume":"52","author":"Charbonnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2011.11.019","article-title":"Electroencephalogram and electrocardiograph assessment of mental fatigue in a driving simulator","volume":"45","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.10.003","article-title":"Measuring neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car drivers for the assessment of mental workload, fatigue and drowsiness","volume":"44","author":"Borghini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012","article-title":"Frontal theta as a mechanism for cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779480578","article-title":"Monitoring working memory load during computer-based tasks with EEG pattern recognition methods","volume":"40","author":"Gevins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200866","article-title":"Counting on working memory in arithmetic problem solving","volume":"22","author":"Logie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.02.009","article-title":"Working memory-related frontal theta activity is decreased under acute stress","volume":"43","author":"Gartner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.03.006","article-title":"Acute Psychological Stress Reduces Working Memory-Related Activity in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"66","author":"Qin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/3\/130\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:37:14Z","timestamp":1760161034000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/3\/130"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["info12030130"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12030130","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]}}}