{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:28:08Z","timestamp":1771025288591,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Data Assurance and Communications Security Center","award":["2018YFB0804402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0804402"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By only storing a unique copy of duplicate data possessed by different data owners, deduplication can significantly reduce storage cost, and hence is used broadly in public clouds. When combining with confidentiality, deduplication will become problematic as encryption performed by different data owners may differentiate identical data which may then become not deduplicable. The Message-Locked Encryption (MLE) is thus utilized to derive the same encryption key for the identical data, by which the encrypted data are still deduplicable after being encrypted by different data owners. As keys may be leaked over time, re-encrypting outsourced data is of paramount importance to ensure continuous confidentiality, which, however, has not been well addressed in the literature. In this paper, we design SEDER, a SEcure client-side Deduplication system enabling Efficient Re-encryption for cloud storage by (1) leveraging all-or-nothing transform (AONT), (2) designing a new delegated re-encryption (DRE), and (3) proposing a new proof of ownership scheme for encrypted cloud data (PoWC). Security analysis and experimental evaluation validate security and efficiency of SEDER, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12040142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T06:59:42Z","timestamp":1616741982000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["What If Keys Are Leaked? towards Practical and Secure Re-Encryption in Deduplication-Based Cloud Storage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Weijing","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100043, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Electronics Technology Research Institute of Cyberspace Security Co., Ltd., Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9372-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Security, Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100089, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Amazon Simple Storage Service. Available online: http:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/cn\/s3\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Icloud. Available online: https:\/\/www.icloud.com\/."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Microsoft Azure. Available online: http:\/\/www.windowsazure.cn\/?fb=002."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1145\/2078861.2078864","article-title":"A Study of Practical Deduplication","volume":"7","author":"Meyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Dropbox. Available online: https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Box. Available online: https:\/\/www.box.com\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Wang, C., Ren, K., and Wenjing, L. (2010, January 14\u201319). Achieving Secure, Scalable, and Fine-Grained Data Access Control in Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5462174"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellare, M., Keelveedhi, S., and Ristenpart, T. (2013, January 26\u201330). Message-locked encryption and secure deduplication. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38348-9_18"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Douceur, J.R., Adya, A., Bolosky, W.J., Dan, S., and Theimer, M. (2002, January 2\u20135). Reclaiming space from duplicate files in a serverless distributed file system. Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Bellare, M., Keelveedhi, S., and Ristenpart, T. (2013, January 14\u201316). DupLESS: Server-Aided Encryption for Deduplicated Storage. Proceedings of the USENIX Conference on Security, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y. (2014, January 3\u20137). Distributed Key Generation for Encrypted Deduplication: Achieving the Strongest Privacy. Proceedings of the CCS\u201914: 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2664168.2664169"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Asokan, N., and Pinkas, B. (2015, January 12\u201316). Secure Deduplication of Encrypted Data without Additional Independent Servers. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813623"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Debian Security Advisory. Available online: https:\/\/www.debian.org\/security\/2008\/dsa-1571."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). These Are Not the Certs You\u2019re Looking for. Available online: http:\/\/dankaminsky.com\/2011\/08\/31\/notnotar\/."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Li, J., Qin, C., Lee, P.P.C., and Li, J. (July, January 28). Rekeying for Encrypted Deduplication Storage. Proceedings of the IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halevi, S., Harnik, D., Pinkas, B., and Shulman-Peleg, A. (2011, January 17\u201321). Proofs of ownership in remote storage systems. Proceedings of the CCS\u201911: The ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2046707.2046765"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"297","article-title":"Secure Encrypted Data Deduplication with Ownership Proof and User Revocation","volume":"Volume 10393","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, Proceedings of the 17th International Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 21\u201323 August 2017"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75090","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920998","article-title":"Secure Encrypted Data With Authorized Deduplication in Cloud","volume":"7","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Lei, L., Cai, Q., Chen, B., and Lin, J. (December, January 29). Towards Efficient Re-encryption for Secure Client-Side Deduplication in Public Clouds. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Information and Communications Security, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Curtmola, R., Ateniese, G., and Burns, R. (2010, January 8). Remote data checking for network coding-based distributed storage systems. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Workshop on Cloud Computing Security Workshop, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1866835.1866842"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., and Curtmola, R. (2013, January 18\u201320). Towards self-repairing replication-based storage systems using untrusted clouds. Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2435349.2435402"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., Ammula, A.K., and Curtmola, R. (2015, January 2\u20134). Towards server-side repair for erasure coding-based distributed storage systems. Proceedings of the 5th ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy, San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2699026.2699122"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-16868","article-title":"Remote data integrity checking with server-side repair 1","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comput. Secur."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Quinlan, S., and Dorward, S. (2002, January 28\u201330). Venti: A New Approach to Archival Storage. Proceedings of the FAST \u201902 Conference on File and Storage Technologies, Monterey, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivest, R.L. (1997, January 20\u201322). All-or-nothing encryption and the package transform. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption, Haifa, Israel.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0052348"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Tilborg, H.C.A., and Jajodia, S. (2011). Discrete Logarithm Problem. Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5906-5"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Wang, C., Li, J., Ren, K., and Lou, W. (2009, January 21\u201323). Enabling Public Verifiability and Data Dynamics for Storage Security in Cloud Computing. Proceedings of the European Conference on Research in Computer Security, Saint-Malo, France.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04444-1_22"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Blaze, M., Bleumer, G., and Strauss, M. (June, January 31). Divertible protocols and atomic proxy cryptography. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Espoo, Finland."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Ivan, A.A., and Dodis, Y. (2003, January 23\u201326). Proxy Cryptography Revisited. Proceedings of the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS 2003), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1127345.1127346","article-title":"Improved proxy re-encryption schemes with applications to secure distributed storage","volume":"9","author":"Ateniese","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, W., and Chen, B. (2020, January 19\u201322). Proofs of Ownership on Encrypted Cloud Data via Intel SGX. Proceedings of the First ACNS Workshop on Secure Cryptographic Implementation, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61638-0_22"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, W., Chen, B., Liu, L., and Jing, J. (2020, January 14\u201318). Deduplication-friendly watermarking for multimedia data in public clouds. Proceedings of the European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Guildford, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58951-6_4"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shacham, H., and Waters, B. (2008, January 7\u201311). Compact proofs of retrievability. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89255-7_7"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Ateniese, G., Burns, R., Curtmola, R., Herring, J., Kissner, L., Peterson, Z., and Song, D. (November, January 29). Provable data possession at untrusted stores. Proceedings of the CCS07: 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curtmola, R., Khan, O., Burns, R., and Ateniese, G. (2008, January 17\u201320). MR-PDP: Multiple-replica provable data possession. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2008.68"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowers, K.D., Juels, A., and Oprea, A. (2009, January 9\u201313). HAIL: A high-availability and integrity layer for cloud storage. Proceedings of the CCS \u201909: 16th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1653662.1653686"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1145\/2699909","article-title":"Dynamic provable data possession","volume":"17","author":"Erway","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. Secur. (TISSEC)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., and Curtmola, R. (2012, January 18\u201321). Robust dynamic provable data possession. Proceedings of the 2012 32nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, Macau, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2012.57"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., and Curtmola, R. (2012, January 16\u201318). Robust dynamic remote data checking for public clouds. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Raleigh, NC, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382319"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). OpenSSL. Available online: https:\/\/www.openssl.org\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2580139","article-title":"Secure data deduplication with dynamic ownership management in cloud storage","volume":"28","author":"Hur","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, March 25). Remote Attestation in Intel Software Guard Extensions. Available online: https:\/\/software.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/develop\/articles\/code-sample-intel-software-guard-e\/xtensions-remote-attestation-end-to\/-end-example.html."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1145\/844128.844155","article-title":"Pastiche: Making backup cheap and easy","volume":"36","author":"Cox","year":"2002","journal-title":"ACM SIGOPS Oper. Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Killijian, M.O., Powell, D., and Court\u00e8s, L. (2021, March 25). A Survey of Cooperative Backup Mechanisms, 2006. Available online: https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-00139690\/document."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Storer, M.W., Greenan, K., Long, D.D.E., and Miller, E.L. (2008, January 31). Secure data deduplication. Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Storage Security and Survivability, Alexandria, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1456469.1456471"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Chang, E.C., and Zhou, J. (2013, January 8\u201310). Weak leakage-resilient client-side deduplication of encrypted data in cloud storage. Proceedings of the ACM SIGSAC Symposium on Information, Computer and Communications Security, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/2484313.2484340"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2014.2318320","article-title":"A Hybrid Cloud Approach for Secure Authorized Deduplication","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanek, J., Sorniotti, A., Androulaki, E., and Kencl, L. (2014, January 3\u20137). A Secure Data Deduplication Scheme for Cloud Storage. Proceedings of the International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Christ Church, Barbados.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_8"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2013.284","article-title":"Secure Deduplication with Efficient and Reliable Convergent Key Management","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Canetti, R., and Hohenberger, S. (November, January 29). Chosen-ciphertext secure proxy re-encryption. Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Alexandria, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Phong, L., Wang, L., Aono, Y., Nguyen, M., and Boyen, X. (2021, March 25). Proxy Re-Encryption Schemes with Key Privacy from LWE; 2016. Available online: https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/327.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, A., Deo, A., Lee, E., and Martin, K. (2019, January 3\u20135). Strong post-compromise secure proxy re-encryption. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Security and Privacy, Christchurch, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21548-4_4"},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Myers, S., and Shull, A. (2021, March 25). Efficient Hybrid Proxy Re-Encryption for Practical Revocation and Key Rotation; 2017. Available online: https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2017\/833.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leesakul, W., Townend, P., and Xu, J. (2014, January 7\u201311). Dynamic data deduplication in cloud storage. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 8th International Symposium on Service Oriented System Engineering, Oxford, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SOSE.2014.46"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Chen, L., and Zeng, L. (2017, January 23\u201325). Cloud Data Integrity Checking with Deduplication for Confidential Data Storage. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69471-9_34"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Sun, W., Lou, W., Pei, Q., and Zhang, Y. (2017, January 1\u20134). One-tag checker: Message-locked integrity auditing on encrypted cloud deduplication storage. Proceedings of the INFOCOM 2017-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2017.8056999"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armknecht, F., Bohli, J.M., Karame, G.O., and Youssef, F. (2015, January 12\u201316). Transparent Data Deduplication in the Cloud. Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813630"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2389960","article-title":"Secure Auditing and Deduplicating Data in Cloud","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Tang, H., Cui, Y., Guan, C., Wu, J., Weng, J., and Ren, K. (June, January 30). Enabling Ciphertext Deduplication for Secure Cloud Storage and Access Control. Proceedings of the ACM on Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Yao, X., Lin, Y., Liu, Q., and Zhang, Y. (2016, January 20\u201321). A secure hierarchical deduplication system in cloud storage. Proceedings of the IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Quality of Service, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, L., Vestergaard, R., Yazdani, N., Talasila, P., and Sipos, M. (2019, January 9\u201313). Alexandria: A Proof-of-Concept Implementation and Evaluation of Generalised Data Deduplication. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps45667.2019.9024368"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestergaard, R., Zhang, Q., and Lucani, D.E. (2019, January 9\u201313). Generalized Deduplication: Bounds, Convergence, and Asymptotic Properties. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 2019), Waikoloa, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9014012"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"298","article-title":"Secure Generalized Deduplication via Multi-Key Revealing Encryption","volume":"Volume 12238","author":"Galdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Security and Cryptography for Networks, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference (SCN 2020), Amalfi, Italy, 14\u201316 September 2020"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puzio, P., Molva, R., \u00d6nen, M., and Loureiro, S. (2013, January 2\u20135). ClouDedup: Secure Deduplication with Encrypted Data for Cloud Storage. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, Bristol, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/CloudCom.2013.54"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-017-0975-x","article-title":"RSE-PoW: A Role Symmetric Encryption PoW Scheme with Authorized Deduplication for Multimedia Data","volume":"23","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5889","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-015-2595-4","article-title":"Secure deduplication for multimedia data with user revocation in cloud storage","volume":"76","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3032966","article-title":"The Design and Implementation of a Rekeying-Aware Encrypted Deduplication Storage System","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Storage"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/4\/142\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:41:25Z","timestamp":1760161285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/4\/142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info12040142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12040142","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]}}}