{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T02:30:57Z","timestamp":1782095457315,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Media Education for All, 2019-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Media Education for All, 2019-2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001858","name":"VINNOVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-01279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-01279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Educational and technical resources are regarded as central in combating disinformation and safeguarding democracy in an era of \u2018fake news\u2019. In this study, we investigated whether a professional fact-checking tool could be utilised in curricular activity to make pupils more skilled in determining the credibility of digital news and to inspire them to use digital tools to further their transliteracy and technocognition. In addition, we explored how pupils\u2019 performance and attitudes regarding digital news and tools varied across four countries (France, Romania, Spain, and Sweden). Our findings showed that a two-hour intervention had a statistically significant impact on teenagers\u2019 abilities to determine the credibility of fake images and videos. We also found that the intervention inspired pupils to use digital tools in information credibility assessments. Importantly, the intervention did not make pupils more sceptical of credible news. The impact of the intervention was greater in Romania and Spain than among pupils in Sweden and France. The greater impact in these two countries, we argue, is due to cultural context and the fact that pupils in Romania and Spain learned to focus less on \u2019gut feelings\u2019, increased their use of digital tools, and had a more positive attitude toward the use of the fact-checking tool than pupils in Sweden and France.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12050201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Combatting Visual Fake News with a Professional Fact-Checking Tool in Education in France, Romania, Spain and Sweden"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1884-3252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Nygren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Uppsala University, 750 02 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-0808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Guath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Uppsala University, 750 02 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, 751 42 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-9430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl-Anton Werner","family":"Axelsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Uppsala University, 750 02 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0369-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divina","family":"Frau-Meigs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Humanities, University Sorbonne, Nouvelle, 75006 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Commission (2021, April 30). Action Plan against Disinformation: Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Available online: https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/en\/publication-detail\/-\/publication\/8a94fd8f-8e92-11e9-9369-01aa75ed71a1\/language-en."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Responding to Community Spread of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 7 March 2020, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Wardle, C., and Derakhshan, H. (2021, April 30). Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making. Available online: http:\/\/tverezo.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/PREMS-162317-GBR-2018-Report-desinformation-A4-BAT.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2019.113132","article-title":"Veracity assessment of online data","volume":"129","author":"Brynielsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Neekhara, P., Jere, M., Koushanfar, F., and McAuley, J. (2021, January 5\u20139). Adversarial deepfakes: Evaluating vulnerability of deepfake detectors to adversarial examples. Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, Waikola, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00339"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Scott, M. (Politico, 2020). Facebook\u2019s private groups are abuzz with coronavirus fake news, Politico."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15536","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920498117","article-title":"A digital media literacy intervention increases discernment between mainstream and false news in the United States and India","volume":"117","author":"Guess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2017.07.008","article-title":"Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the \u201cPost-Truth\u201d Era","volume":"6","author":"Lewandowsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811912101102","article-title":"Lateral Reading and the Nature of Expertise: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information","volume":"121","author":"Wineburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Teach. Coll. Rec."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep video portraits","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444818799526","article-title":"Fake images: The effects of source, intermediary, and digital media literacy on contextual assessment of image credibility online","volume":"21","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Breakstone, J., Smith, M., Wineburg, S., Rapaport, A., Carle, J., Garland, M., and Saavedra, A. (2019). Students\u2019 Civic Online Reasoning: A National Portrait, Stanford History Education Group & Gibson Consulting. Available online: https:\/\/purl.stanford.edu\/gf151tb4868."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2478\/nor-2019-0002","article-title":"Swedish teenagers\u2019 difficulties and abilities to determine digital news credibility","volume":"40","author":"Nygren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nygren, T., and Guath, M. (2021). Students Evaluating and Corroborating Digital News. Scand. J. Educ. Res., 1\u201317."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hope Culver, S., and Carlsson, U. (2013). Transliteracy: Sense-making mechanisms for establishing e-presence. Media and Information Literacy and Intercultural Dialogue, Nordicom."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelsson, C.A.W., Guath, M., and Nygren, T. (2021). Learning How to Separate Fake From Real News: Scalable Digital Tutorials Promoting Students\u2019 Civic Online Reasoning. Future Internet, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13030060"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2019.05.004","article-title":"What predicts adolescents\u2019 critical thinking about real-life news? The roles of social media news consumption and news media literacy","volume":"33","author":"Ku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Think. Skills Creat."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2017.1416320","article-title":"Can students evaluate online sources? Learning from assessments of civic online reasoning","volume":"46","author":"McGrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theory Res. Soc. Educ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.030","article-title":"Measuring digital literacies: Junior high-school students\u2019 perceived competencies versus actual performance","volume":"126","author":"Porat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103711","article-title":"Learning to evaluate: An intervention in civic online reasoning","volume":"145","author":"McGrew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"McGrew, S., and Byrne, V.L. (2020). Who Is behind this? Preparing high school students to evaluate online content. J. Res. Technol. Educ., 1\u201319."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargittai, E. (2001). Second-level digital divide: Mapping differences in people\u2019s online skills. arXiv.","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v7i4.942"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x","article-title":"Digital na(t)ives? Variation in internet skills and uses among members of the \u201cnet generation\u201d","volume":"80","author":"Hargittai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650208321782","article-title":"Digital inequality: Differences in young adults\u2019 use of the Internet","volume":"35","author":"Hargittai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Van Dijk, J. (2020). The Digital Divide, Polity Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444813487959","article-title":"The digital divide shifts to differences in usage","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Media Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12065","article-title":"Predictors of digital competence in 7th grade: A multilevel analysis","volume":"31","author":"Hatlevik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Duijn, M., Preuss, M., Spaiser, V., Takes, F., and Verberne, S. (2020). Students Assessing Digital News and Misinformation. Disinformation in Open Online Media, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61841-4"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.20511","article-title":"News cues: Information scent and cognitive heuristics","volume":"58","author":"Sundar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-019-0279-9","article-title":"Fake news game confers psychological resistance against online misinformation","volume":"5","author":"Roozenbeek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palgrave Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breakstone, J., Smith, M., Connors, P., Ortega, T., Kerr, D., and Wineburg, S. (2021). Lateral reading: College students learn to critically evaluate internet sources in an online course. Harv. Kennedy Sch. Misinf. Rev., Available online: https:\/\/misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu\/article\/lateral-reading-college-students-learn-to-critically-evaluate-internet-sources-in-an-online-course\/.","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-56"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bontcheva, K. (2021, April 30). WeVerify Technology Helps Fight Coronavirus Misinformation. Available online: https:\/\/weverify.eu\/news\/weverify-technology-helps-fight-coronavirus-misinformation\/."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Carlsson, U. (2019). Understanding Media and Information Literacy (MIL) in the Digital Age: A Question of Democracy, University of Gothenburg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0163443710393382","article-title":"The media and the literacies: Media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy","volume":"33","author":"Koltay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Media Cult. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tibor, K. (2011). New media and literacies: Amateurs vs. Professionals. First Monday, 16, Available online: https:\/\/journals.uic.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/fm\/article\/download\/3206\/2748."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"93","article-title":"Digital literacy: A conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era","volume":"13","author":"Eshet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Educ. Multimed. Hypermedia"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Aufderheide, P. (1993). Media Literacy, ERIC. A Report of the National Leadership Conference on Media Literacy."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hobbs, R. (2010). Digital and Media Literacy: A Plan of Action, ERIC. A White Paper on the Digital and Media Literacy Recommendations of the Knight Commission on the Information Needs of Communities in a Democracy."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/10714420490280152","article-title":"Media literacy and the challenge of new information and communication technologies","volume":"7","author":"Livingstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, S., Joseph, C., Laccetti, J., Mason, B., Mills, S., Perril, S., and Pullinger, K. (2007). Transliteracy: Crossing Divides. First Monday.","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v12i12.2060"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"14","article-title":"Transliteracy as the new research horizon for media and information literacy","volume":"3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Media Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Challenge That\u2019s Bigger than Fake News: Civic Reasoning in a Social Media Environment","volume":"41","author":"McGrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764219869406","article-title":"Does media literacy help identification of fake news? Information literacy helps, but other literacies don\u2019t","volume":"65","author":"Mortensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roozenbeek, J., van der Linden, S., and Nygren, T. (2020). Prebunking interventions based on \u2018inoculation\u2019 theory can reduce susceptibility to misinformation across cultures. Harv. Kennedy Sch. Misinf. Rev., 1.","DOI":"10.37016\/\/mr-2020-008"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00933104.2015.1132646","article-title":"Redesigning civic education for the digital age: Participatory politics and the pursuit of democratic engagement","volume":"44","author":"Kahne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theory Res. Soc. Educ."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"OECD (2015). Students, Computers and Learning, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2017.06.001","article-title":"The myths of the digital native and the multitasker","volume":"67","author":"Kirschner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Teach. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep4102_1","article-title":"Why Minimal Guidance During Instruction Does Not Work: An Analysis of the Failure of Constructivist, Discovery, Problem-Based, Experiential, and Inquiry-Based Teaching","volume":"41","author":"Kirschner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.03.016","article-title":"Epistemic evaluation and comprehension of web-source information on controversial science-related topics: Effects of a short-term instructional intervention","volume":"76","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2018.04.006","article-title":"Fostering teenagers\u2019 assessment of information reliability: Effects of a classroom intervention focused on critical source dimensions","volume":"58","author":"Potocki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learn. Instr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02505026","article-title":"Scaffolding critical reasoning about history and social issues in multimedia-supported learning environments","volume":"50","author":"Saye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2008.08.003","article-title":"How students evaluate information and sources when searching the World Wide Web for information","volume":"52","author":"Walraven","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12279","article-title":"Improving university students\u2019 web savvy: An intervention study","volume":"89","author":"McGrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"208","article-title":"Digitala prim\u00e4rk\u00e4llor i historieundervisningen: En utmaning f\u00f6r elevers historiska t\u00e4nkande och historiska empati","volume":"4","author":"Nygren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nordidactica J. Hum. Soc. Sci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci3010050","article-title":"Treading old paths in new ways: Upper secondary students using a digital tool of the professional historian","volume":"3","author":"Nygren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X11428813","article-title":"Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research?","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X032001025","article-title":"On the science of education design studies","volume":"32","author":"Shavelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"19","article-title":"Design och utv\u00e4rdering av undervisningssekvenser","volume":"1","author":"Andersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forsk. Om Undervis. Och L\u00e4rande"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327809JLS1101_4","article-title":"Design research: What we learn when we engage in design","volume":"11","author":"Edelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-012-9261-6","article-title":"Research\u2013practice interactions as reported in recent design studies: Still promising, still hazy","volume":"60","author":"Ormel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Educ. Technol. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9527-9","article-title":"The complexity of educational design research","volume":"47","author":"Akkerman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual. Quant."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0202_2","article-title":"Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings","volume":"2","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Design-Based Research Collective (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educ. Res., 32, 5\u20138.","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X032001005"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_6","article-title":"Design research in education: Yes, but is it methodological?","volume":"13","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls1301_2","article-title":"Design research: Theoretical and methodological issues","volume":"13","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teyssou, D., Leung, J.M., Apostolidis, E., Apostolidis, K., Papadopoulos, S., Zampoglou, M., Papadopoulou, O., and Mezaris, V. (2017, January 23\u201327). The InVID plug-in: Web video verification on the browser. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Multimedia Verification, Mountain View, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3132384.3132387"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"InVID (2021, April 30). InVID Verification Plugin. Available online: https:\/\/www.invid-project.eu\/tools-and-services\/invid-verification-plugin\/."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Nygren, T., Frau-Meigs, D., Corbu, N., and Santove\u00f1a-Casal, S. Teachers\u2019 views on disinformation and media literacy supported by a tool designed for professional fact-checkers: Perspectives from France, Romania, Spain and Sweden, Under Review."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1753","article-title":"Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security","volume":"107","author":"Chesney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calif. Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1108\/K-07-2019-0512","article-title":"Students\u2019 attitudes towards knowledge and the future of work","volume":"49","author":"Frunzaru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023260610025","article-title":"ANOVA for unbalanced data: Use Type II instead of Type III sums of squares","volume":"13","author":"Langsrud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.20901\/ms.10.19.1","article-title":"Information Disorders: Risks and Opportunities for Digital Media and Information Literacy?","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medijske Studije"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrett, R.K., and Weeks, B.E. (2017). Epistemic beliefs\u2019 role in promoting misperceptions and conspiracist ideation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0184733"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news","volume":"5","author":"Martel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn. Res. Princ. Implic."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurosu, M., and Kashimura, K. (1995, January 7\u201311). Apparent usability vs. inherent usability: Experimental analysis on the determinants of the apparent usability. Proceedings of the Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Denver, CO, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/223355.223680"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/014492900750000063","article-title":"Aesthetics and preferences of web pages","volume":"19","author":"Schenkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, D.H. (2012). Cross-analysis of usability and aesthetic in smart devices: What influences users\u2019 preferences?. Cross Cult. Manag. Int. J.","DOI":"10.1108\/13527601211270020"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/5\/201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:28Z","timestamp":1760162248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/5\/201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["info12050201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12050201","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}