{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T04:44:34Z","timestamp":1772772274900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Social Science Fund of China","award":["#19FYSB040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#19FYSB040"]}]},{"name":"the Intelligent Vehicle\u2019s Central Console Interface program of Tongji university and Baidu, Inthe Intelligent Vehicle\u2019s Central Console Interface program of Tongji university and Baidu, Inc.","award":["#wz0060020192097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#wz0060020192097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to ensure the driver\u2019s safe driving, the human\u2013computer interaction interface of an intelligent vehicle needs to convey important information. The text is an important carrier of this kind of information. The design criteria of English characters have been widely discussed, including the color, meaning, size and length. However, design guidelines for Chinese characters in central consoles of vehicles have rarely been discussed from a human\u2013computer interaction perspective. In this paper, we investigated the size and the length of Chinese characters in the intelligent vehicle\u2019s central control screen, based on international design guidelines and standards. The experiment involved 30 participants performing simulated in-vehicle secondary tasks. The result from the experiments shows that the usability of characters increases and the driver\u2019s workload decreases as the characters get larger and shorter. We also propose a set of recommended values for the size and length of Chinese characters in this context. Future work will focus on providing design guidelines for other aspects of HMI design in intelligent vehicles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12050213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T06:01:33Z","timestamp":1621317693000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Design Guidelines for the Size and Length of Chinese Characters Displayed in the Intelligent Vehicle\u2019s Central Console Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"You","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Art and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Art and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meng-Ting","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Art and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0217-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Design and Innovation, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Car Interaction Design Lab, College of Art and Media, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Behavioural impacts of advanced driver assistance systems: An overview","volume":"1","author":"Brookhuis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Transp. Infrastruct. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/03081060500120282","article-title":"Technical Feasibility of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for Road Traffic Safety","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transp. Plan. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Dobres, J., Reimer, B., Mehler, B., Chahine, N., and Gould, D. (2018, January 24\u201326). A Pilot Study Measuring the Relative Legibility of Five Simplified Chinese Typefaces Using Psychophysical Methods. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Communications and Broadband Networking-ICCBN 2018, Singapore."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0226-z","article-title":"On combining Big Data and machine learning to support eco-driving behaviours","volume":"6","author":"Delnevo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Big Data"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2017.10.011","article-title":"An analysis of the suitability of a low-cost eye tracker for assessing the cognitive load of drivers","volume":"68","author":"Stojmenova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"ISO 15008 (2017). Road Vehicles\u2013Ergonomic Aspects of Transport Information and Control Systems\u2013Specifications and Compliance Procedures for in-Vehicle Visual Presentation, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2017.07.008","article-title":"Effects of interface layout on the usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems and driving safety","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Displays"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bigelow, C., and Matteson, S. (2020, December 13). Font Improvements in Cockpit Displays and Their Relevance to Automobile Safety. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268439939_Font_Improvements_in_Cockpit_Displays_and_their_Relevance_to_Automobile_Safety."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, J.L., Doerzaph, Z.R., Richard, C.M., and Bacon, L.P. (2014, January 17\u201319). Human Factors Design Principles for the Driver-Vehicle Interface (DVI). Proceedings of the Adjunct International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2667239.2667305"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Campbell, J.L., Brown, J.L., Graving, J.S., Richard, C.M., Lichty, M.G., Sanquist, T., and Morgan, J.L. (2016). Human Factors Design Guidance for Driver-Vehicle Interfaces (No. Report No. DOT HS 812 360), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cai, H., and Green, P. (2005). Range of character heights for vehicle displays as predicted by 22 equations. Proc. SID Vehicle. Disp. Symp., Available online: http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~driving\/publications\/SID%202005%20CaiGreenfinal.doc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"503","article-title":"Readability of Character Size for Car Navigation Systems","volume":"4558","author":"Fujikake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. Petri Nets Other Models Concurr. XV"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.4271\/2011-01-0597","article-title":"Legibility: Back to the Basics","volume":"4","author":"Tijerina","year":"2011","journal-title":"SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars-Mech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.8","article-title":"Does print size matter for reading? A review of findings from vision science and typography","volume":"11","author":"Legge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.11.021","article-title":"Keep Your Eyes on the Road: Young Driver Crash Risk Increases According to Duration of Distraction","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"219","article-title":"Progress Toward Digital Libraries: Augmentation through Integration","volume":"35","author":"Marchionini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-0190(98)00082-9","article-title":"Successful visual human-computer interaction is undecidable","volume":"67","author":"Bottoni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Huawei (2019). HUAWEI Hicar Ecological White Paper, Huawei."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.101.2.343","article-title":"The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Deppe, R.K. (2020, December 13). The Human Factor in Road Safety. Available online: https:\/\/trid.trb.org\/view\/215844."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"13","article-title":"Paper 5: Some Human Factors Affecting the Design of Vehicles and Roads","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"1969","journal-title":"Inst. Highw. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058700","article-title":"A decision-making theory of visual detection","volume":"61","author":"Tanner","year":"1954","journal-title":"Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2","article-title":"Visual Demands and Driving","volume":"45","author":"Castro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Vis. Cogn. Perform. Driv."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Information, University of Illinois Press."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Aasman, J. (2020, December 13). Modelling Driver Behaviour in Soar. Available online: http:\/\/repository.tudelft.nl\/view\/tno\/uuid:f6ec9503-a255-4b58-b40a-3b79f97586dc\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2049843","article-title":"Investigation of Driver Performance with Night Vision and Pedestrian Detection Systems\u2014Part I: Empirical Study on Visual Clutter and Glance Behavior","volume":"11","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1145\/1143518.1143520","article-title":"Queueing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP)","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2007.903443","article-title":"Queuing Network Modeling of Driver Workload and Performance","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","article-title":"Toward a Theory of Situation Awareness in Dynamic Systems","volume":"37","author":"Endsley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2012.61","article-title":"Situation Awareness and Cognitive Modeling","volume":"27","author":"Kokar","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.06.010","article-title":"Toward best practice in Human Machine Interface design for older drivers: A review of current design guidelines","volume":"106","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bhise, V.D. (2019). Ergonomics in the Automotive Design Process. Taylor and Francis, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0559-7","article-title":"A psycholinguistic database for traditional Chinese character naming","volume":"48","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2016.05.005","article-title":"Comparing the demands of destination entry using Google Glass and the Samsung Galaxy S4 during simulated driving","volume":"58","author":"Beckers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.12-06-420","article-title":"The Diffusion Decision Model: Theory and Data for Two-Choice Decision Tasks","volume":"20","author":"Ratcliff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci0701_3","article-title":"Fitts\u2019 Law as a Research and Design Tool in Human-Computer Interaction","volume":"7","author":"MacKenzie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Tetzlaff, L., and Schwartz, D.R. (May, January 27). The use of guidelines in interface design. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in computing systems, New Orleans, LA, USA."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/5\/213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:03:02Z","timestamp":1760162582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/5\/213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["info12050213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12050213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]]}}}