{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T04:27:53Z","timestamp":1786595273066,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As part of the assumptions of Industry 4.0. many modern technologies are developing. One of them is robotic process automation (RPA). It allows the replacement of human labor with robots, thus increasing the production capacity of enterprises. In practice, the implementation of RPA takes place through two solutions (models): using the services of an external entity offering RPA (service insourcing) or creating your own center of excellence (CoE). The use of both solutions is influenced by numerous conditions (determinants), among which we can mention benefits on the one hand and threats on the other. They are very different and depend on the model used. In this article, attempts were made to identify and determine their impact on the selection of the appropriate model from the point of view of the company (the purpose of the article). The research used two cases of entities implementing RPA on the basis of opposites, i.e., two different models, in which the discussed technology is treated as an important element of their automation. The achieved results indicate that there is no universalism, and their dominant feature is individualism concerning both enterprises and the solutions they implement. This is undoubtedly the effect of the currently too shallow RPA market, as well as the small number of entities using technologies based on intelligent systems. This is a serious research gap, which along with RPA growth will be reduced as a result of more and more intensive research in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12060222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T12:38:01Z","timestamp":1621859881000},"page":"222","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Internal Determinants in the Field of RPA Technology Implementation on the Example of Selected Companies in the Context of Industry 4.0 Assumptions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Marciniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Consultant at Atos Poland R&D, Automation Department, 90-562 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stanis\u0142awski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of European Integration and International Marketing, Faculty of Management and Production Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kranzberg, M., and Michael, T.H. (2021, March 23). History of the Organization of Work. Encyclopedia Britannica, Available online: https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/history-of-work-organization-648000."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2017.02.041","article-title":"Industry 4.0 impacts on lean production systems","volume":"63","author":"Wagner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Industry 4.0: A survey on technologies, applications and open research issues","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.190","article-title":"An industry 4.0 case study in fashion manufacturing","volume":"11","author":"Grieco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2015.06.143","article-title":"Towards Industry 4.0\u2014Standardization as the crucial challenge for highly modular, multi-vendor production systems","volume":"48","author":"Weyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"IFAC PapersOnLine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.282","article-title":"How will change the future engineer\u2019s skills in the Industry 4.0 framework? A questionnaire Survey","volume":"11","author":"Motyl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"899","article-title":"Engineering science and technology","volume":"22","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.248","article-title":"Aspects of risk management implementation for Industry 4.0","volume":"11","author":"Tupa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.182","article-title":"Benchmarking of tools for user experience analysis in Industry 4.0","volume":"11","author":"Peruzzini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.04.022","article-title":"Learning factory: The path to Industry 4.0","volume":"9","author":"Baena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2021, February 22). Unleashing the Potential of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector, Capgemini Consulting. Available online: https:\/\/www.capgemini.com\/consulting\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/30\/2017\/10\/ai-in-public-sector.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Russell, S., and Norvig, P. (1995). Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Nielsen, M. (2015). Neural Networks and Deep Learning, Scientific Research Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068349","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7068349","article-title":"Deep learning for computer vision: A brief review","volume":"2018","author":"Voulodimos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2018.02.067","article-title":"Artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and cognitive computing: What do these terms mean and how will they impact health care?","volume":"33","author":"Bini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2019.100973","article-title":"A survey of smart product-service systems: Key aspects, challenges and future perspectives","volume":"42","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2021.101246","article-title":"A systematic literature review on intelligent automation: Aligning concepts from theory, practice, and future perspectives","volume":"47","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39113","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2974934","article-title":"RPA: Scientific and industrial systematic mapping study","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2019.2897337","article-title":"Are robots taking our jobs? A RoboPlatform at a bank","volume":"36","author":"Lewicki","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Softw."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguirre, S., and Rodriguez, A. (2017). Automation of a business process using robotic process automation (RPA): A case study. Workshop on Engineering Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66963-2_7"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1057\/jittc.2016.5","article-title":"Turning robotic process automation into commercial success\u2014Case OpusCapita","volume":"6","author":"Asatiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Teach. Cases"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"18","article-title":"How deloitte killed forced rankings: Interaction","volume":"93","author":"Buckingham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kedziora, D., and Penttinen, E. (2020). Governance models for robotic process automation: The case of Nordea Bank. J. Inform. Technol., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1177\/2043886920937022"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"21","article-title":"Robotic process automation at telef\u00f3nica O2","volume":"15","author":"Lacity","year":"2016","journal-title":"MIS Q. Exec."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11024-010-9147-x","article-title":"Pooling resources for excellence and relevance: An evolution of universities as multi-scalar network organizations","volume":"48","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Wadhawani, P., and Prasenjit, S. (2020). Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Market Size, Global Market Insights, Global Market Insights. Report ID GMI2035."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1057\/s41266-016-0016-9","article-title":"Robotic process automation: Strategic transformation lever for global business services?","volume":"7","author":"Willcocks","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Teach. Cases"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"85","article-title":"Developing a robotic process automation management model","volume":"52","author":"Sobczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bus. Inform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accinf.2019.100433","article-title":"Applying robotic process automation (RPA) in auditing: A framework","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Account. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"148","article-title":"A new season in the risk landscape: Connecting the advancement in technology with changes in customer behaviour to enhance the way risk is measured and managed","volume":"11","author":"Gejke","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Risk Manag. Financ. Inst."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Institute for Robotic Process Automation (2021, February 23). Introduction to Robotic Process Automation. Available online: https:\/\/irpaai.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Robotic-Process-Automation-June2015.pdf."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Frank, C. (2015). Introduction to robotic process automation. Proc. Inst. Robot. Process Automat, 35\u201336."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ratia, M., Myll\u00e4rniemi, J., and Helander, N. (2018, January 10\u201311). Robotic Process Automation\u2014Creating Value by Digitalizing Work in the Private Healthcare. Proceedings of the 22nd International Academic Mindtrek Conference, Tampere, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3275116.3275129"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Geyer-Klingeberg, J., Nakladal, J., Baldauf, F., and Veit, F. (2018, January 9\u201314). Process Mining and Robotic Process Automation: A Perfect Match. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Business Process Management 2018, Industry Track Session, Sydney, Australia."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"37","article-title":"Multi-perspective process model discovery for robotic process automation","volume":"2114","author":"Leno","year":"2018","journal-title":"CEUR Workshop Proc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"10","article-title":"Robotic process automation: A death knell to dead-end jobs?","volume":"42","author":"Rajesh","year":"2018","journal-title":"CSI Commun. Knowl. Digest IT Community"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"49","article-title":"Robotic process automation","volume":"9","author":"Kommera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"IRPAAI (2021, March 01). Institute for Robotic Process Automation and Artificial Intelligence. Available online: https:\/\/irpaai.com."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"123","article-title":"Impacts of robotic process automation on global accounting services","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Account. Gov."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.7172\/1644-9584.85.8","article-title":"Building a robotic capability map of the enterprise","volume":"17","author":"Sobczak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probl. Zarz\u0105dzania"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1427\/1\/012008","article-title":"A structured approach to implementing Robotic Process Automation in HR","volume":"1427","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"229","article-title":"Znaczenie i rola automatyzacji proces\u00f3w biznesowych\u2014Wyniki bada\u0144 pilota\u017cowych","volume":"183","year":"2018","journal-title":"Organ. Kier."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Soumendra, M., and Vyas, S. (2018). Intelligent Process Automation = RPA + AI. How to Compete in the Age of Artificial Intelligence, Apress."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Maharsh, P., Shukla, A., Porwal, R., and Kotecha, R. (2019, January 8\u20139). Customized Automated Email Response Bot Using Machine Learning and Robotic Process Automation. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Science & Technology (ICAST), Mumbai, India."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1145\/3380799.3380808","article-title":"Towards a framework of implementing software robots: Transforming human-executed routines into machines","volume":"51","author":"Corinna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Base Adv. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Let the robots do it!\u2014Taking a look at robotic process automation and its potential application in digital forensics","volume":"1","author":"Alisha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"54","article-title":"Robotic disruption and the new revenue cycle","volume":"71","author":"Jerry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Healthc. Financ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"49","article-title":"Exploring the use of robotic process automation (RPA) in substantive audit procedures","volume":"89","author":"Michael","year":"2019","journal-title":"CPA J."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Hultin, A., and Josefsson, A. (2017). Implementering av Robotic Process Automation: En Studie om Hantering av Utmaningar i Samband Med Interaktion Mellan Lightweight IT och Heavyweight IT. [Bachelor\u2019s Thesis, Halmstad University]."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Penttinen, E., Kasslin, H., and Asatiani, A. (2017, January 23\u201328). How to choose between robotic process automation and back-end system automation?. Proceedings of the 26th European Conference on Information Systems, Portsmouth, UK."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"41","article-title":"How OpusCapita used Internal RPA capabilities to offer services to clients","volume":"17","author":"Hallikainen","year":"2018","journal-title":"MIS Q. Exec."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/097172180801400106","article-title":"Centers of excellence and relevance: The contextualization of global models","volume":"14","author":"Beerkens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2014). Building a center of expertise to support robotic automation, preparing for the life cycle of business change. Forrester Consult., Available online: https:\/\/neoops.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Forrester-RA-COE.pdf."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"307","article-title":"Setting up a robotic process automati on center of excellence","volume":"6","author":"Anagnoste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manag. Dyn. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1093\/scipol\/scx082","article-title":"Centres of excellence and capacity building: From strategy to impact","volume":"45","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"52","article-title":"Understanding the dynamics of networks of excellence","volume":"33","author":"Luukkonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Public Policy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017924027522","article-title":"Changes in academy\/industry\/state relations in Canada: The creation and development of the networks of centers of excellence","volume":"39","author":"Fischer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Minerva"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1356389011400891","article-title":"Homing in on excellence: Dimensions of appraisal in center of excellence program evaluations\u2019","volume":"17","author":"Hellstrom","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-07-2013-0124","article-title":"Why continuous improvement initiatives fail in manufacturing environments? A systematic review of the evidence","volume":"63","author":"McLean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"880","article-title":"A guide to conducting a standalone systematic literature review","volume":"37","author":"Okoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"207","article-title":"Towards a methodology for developing evidence informed management knowledge by means of systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Tranfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"13","article-title":"Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review","volume":"26","author":"Webster","year":"2002","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willcocks, L.P., Sauer, C., and Lacity, M.C. (2016). On Being \u2018Systematic\u2019 in Literature Reviews. Formulating Research Methods for Information Systems, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137509888"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Kitchenham, B., and Charters, S. (2007). Guidelines for Performing Systematic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering, Software Engineering Group, School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Keele University. EBSE Technical Report EBSE-2007-01."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2016.15","article-title":"Generative innovation: A comparison of lightweight and heavyweight IT","volume":"32","author":"Bygstad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hultin, J., Trudell, C., Vashistha, A., and Glover, T. (2017). Implications of Technology on the Future Workforce, Defense Bus. Board. Tech. Rep. AD1040713."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naik, V., Garbacki, P., and Mohindra, A. (2006, January 18\u201322). Architecture for Service Request Driven Solution Delivery Using Grid Systems. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC\u201906), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2006.23"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"5000","article-title":"The impact of automation in IT industry: Evidences from India","volume":"7","author":"Varghese","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robotic process automation (RPA)\u2014Part 2","volume":"1","author":"Hamilton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Manag. Account."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"8","article-title":"Impact of robotics, RPA and AI on the insurance industry: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"4","author":"Lamberton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Financ. Perspect. Insur."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"The forrester wave robotic process automation, Q1 2017","volume":"2017","author":"Clair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forrester Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mijovic, P., Giagloglou, E., Todorovic, P., Macu\u017eic, I., Jeremic, B., and Gligorijevic, I. (2014). A tool for neuroergonomic study of repetitive operational tasks. Proc. Eur. Conf. Cognit. Ergonom. (ECCE), 1\u20132.","DOI":"10.1145\/2637248.2637280"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Willcocks, L., and Craig, A. (2015). Robotic Process Automation at Xchanging, The London School of Economics and Political Science."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"ActiveBatch (2021, March 05). ActiveBatch (Advanced Systems Concepts). Available online: https:\/\/www.advsyscon.com\/en-us\/activebatch\/it-automation\/it-process-automation."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Capgemini, C. (2021, February 22). Robotic Process Automation\u2014Robots Conquer Business Processes in Back Offices. Available online: https:\/\/www.capgemini.com\/consulting-de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2017\/08\/robotic-process-automation-study.pdf."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"40","article-title":"A new approach to automating services","volume":"58","author":"Willcocks","year":"2016","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.03.007","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in organizational decision making","volume":"61","author":"Jarrahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/6\/222\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:06:43Z","timestamp":1760162803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/12\/6\/222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["info12060222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info12060222","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]}}}