{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:14:29Z","timestamp":1760235269935,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: A disease prediction model derived from real-world data is an important tool for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, an appropriate prediction model for the Asian T2D population has not yet been developed. Hence, this study described construction details of the T2D Holistic Care model via estimating the probability of diabetes-related complications and the time-to-occurrence from a population-based database. (2) Methods: The model was based on the database of a Taiwan pay-for-performance reimbursement scheme for T2D between November 2002 and July 2017. A nonhomogeneous Markov model was applied to simulate multistate (7 main complications and death) transition probability after considering the sequential and repeated difficulties. (3) Results: The Markov model was constructed based on clinical care information from 163,452 patients with T2D, with a mean follow-up time of 5.5 years. After simulating a cohort of 100,000 hypothetical patients over a 10-year time horizon based on selected patient characteristics at baseline, a good predicted complication and mortality rates with a small range of absolute error (0.3\u20133.2%) were validated in the original cohort. Better and optimal predictabilities were further confirmed compared to the UKPDS Outcomes model and applied the model to other Asian populations, respectively. (4) Contribution: The study provides well-elucidated evidence to apply real-world data to the estimation of the occurrence and time point of major diabetes-related complications over a patient\u2019s lifetime. Further applications in health decision science are encouraged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12080326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T10:54:41Z","timestamp":1628765681000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Data Analysis of the Risks of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Complications before Death Using a Data-Driven Modelling Approach: Methodologies and Challenges in Prolonged Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ming-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-Sin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzu-Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1021-8161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping-Hsun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6840-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4431-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihuang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Cheng","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shang-Jyh","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Information and Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7570-0584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsing","family":"Luh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, National Chengchi University, Taipei City 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2019). 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