{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:20:25Z","timestamp":1760235625575,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20180597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20180597"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the 111 Project","award":["B12018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B12018"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010031","name":"Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M681483"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681483"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010031","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the large measurement error in the practical non-cooperative scene, the passive localization algorithms based on traditional numerical calculation using time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) often have no solution, i.e., the estimated result cannot meet the localization background knowledge. In this context, this paper intends to introduce interval analysis theory into joint FDOA\/TDOA-based localization algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses the dichotomy algorithm to fuse the interval measurement of TDOA and FDOA for estimating the velocity and position of a moving target. The estimation results are given in the form of an interval. The estimated interval must contain the true values of the position and velocity of the radiation target, and the size of the interval reflects the confidence of the estimation. The point estimation of the position and the velocity of the target is given by the midpoint of the estimation interval. Simulation analysis shows the efficacy of the algorithm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info12090371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T21:37:12Z","timestamp":1631569032000},"page":"371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Novel Joint TDOA\/FDOA Passive Localization Scheme Using Interval Intersection Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Ai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changxu","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4017-6700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1531-4745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2019.2899615","article-title":"TDOA-\/FDOA-Based Adaptive Active Target Localization Using Iterated Dual-EKF Algorithm","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, B., Ahn, D., Lee, J., Sun, C., Ahmed, S., and Kim, Y. (2018). A Passive Tracking System Based on Geometric Constraints in Adaptive Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18103276"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8603","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2508501","article-title":"A Bias-Reduced Nonlinear WLS Method for TDOA\/FDOA-Based Source Localization","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Wang, R., and Zhao, Y. (2018). A Bias Compensation Method for Distributed Moving Source Localization Using TDOA and FDOA with Sensor Location Errors. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2614936","article-title":"An Efficient Semidefinite Relaxation Algorithm for Moving Source Localization Using TDOA and FDOA Measurements","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3990","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2017.2703667","article-title":"Iterative Constrained Weighted Least Squares Source Localization Using TDOA and FDOA Measurements","volume":"65","author":"Qu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrew, A.M. (2001). Applied Interval Analysis, with Examples in Parameter and State Estimation, Robust Control and Robotics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1108\/k.2002.06731eae.002"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147721991770","article-title":"Interval analysis-based Bi-iterative algorithm for robust TDOA-FDOA moving source localisation","volume":"17","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Liu, S., Han, C., and Di, R. (2010, January 18\u201319). Removal of attitude errors based on multi-target multi-sensor environment in earth-centered earth-fixed coordinates. 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