{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:20:58Z","timestamp":1780114858016,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"The Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["282207\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["282207\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of drones into health care as a supplement to existing logistics methods may generate a need for cooperation and involvement across multiple resource areas. It is currently not well understood whether such integrations would merely represent a technical implementation or if they would cause more significant changes to laboratory services. By choosing socio-technical theory as the theoretical lens, this paper intends to harvest knowledge from the literature on various organizational concepts and examine possible synergies between such theories to determine optimal strategies for introducing the use of drones in a health care context. Our particular interest is to examine whether the insights generated from the multi-level perspective (MLP) may have the potential to create dynamic spin-offs related to the organizational transitions associated with the implementation of drones in health services. We built our study on a scoping literature review of topics associated with the MLP and socio-technical studies from differing arenas, supplemented with studies harvested on a broader basis. The scoping review is based on 25 articles that were selected for analysis. As a way of organizing the literature, the niche, regime, and landscape levels of the MLP are translated to the corresponding health care-related terms, i.e., clinic, institution, and health care system. Furthermore, subcategories emerged inductively during the process of analysis. The MLP provides essential knowledge regarding the context for innovation and how the interaction between the different levels can accelerate the diffusion of innovations. Several authors have put both ethical topics and public acceptance into a socio-technological perspective. Although a socio-technical approach is not needed to operate drones, it may help in the long run to invest in a culture that is open to innovation and change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13020062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T03:33:32Z","timestamp":1643168012000},"page":"62","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Socio-Analytical Approach to the Integration of Drones into Health Care Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-8332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans E.","family":"Comtet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Design, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Arne","family":"Johannessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.4.434","article-title":"External incentives, information technology, and organized processes to improve health care quality for patients with chronic diseases","volume":"289","author":"Casalino","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9866","article-title":"Effects of the digital transformation: Qualitative study on the disturbances and limitations of using video visits in outpatient care","volume":"20","author":"Sturesson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt, C., Gersch, M., Spies, C., and Bengler, K. (2018). Digital Transformation in Healthcare: How the Potential of Digital Health Is Tackled to Transform the Care Process of Intensive Care Patients Across All Healthcare Sectors. Digitalization Cases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95273-4_18"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Susanto, H., and Chen, C.K. (2017). Information and Communication Emerging Technology: Making Sense of Healthcare Innovation. Internet of Things and Big Data Technologies for Next Generation Healthcare, Springer International Publishing. Studies in Big Data.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49736-5_10"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/20479700.2018.1498220","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and robots in healthcare: What are the success factors for technology-based service encounters?","volume":"12","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Healthc. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amukele, T.K., Sokoll, L.J., Pepper, D., Howard, D.P., and Street, J. (2015). Can unmanned aerial systems (drones) be used for the routine transport of chemistry, hematology, and coagulation laboratory specimens?. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134020"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0313-5","article-title":"Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) in out-of-hospital-cardiac-arrest","volume":"24","author":"Claesson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.06.022","article-title":"The economic and operational value of using drones to transport vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Haidari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqx090","article-title":"Drone Transport of Chemistry and Hematology Samples over Long Distances","volume":"148","author":"Amukele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2017.04.003","article-title":"Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review","volume":"91","author":"Hassanalian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-017-0548-z","article-title":"Drone-Aided Healthcare Services for Patients with Chronic Diseases in Rural Areas","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Robot. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018.00018","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2018.00018","article-title":"Surgical and medical applications of drones: A comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"Rosser","year":"2018","journal-title":"JSLS J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2875704","article-title":"An Initial Investigation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and Real-Time Organ Status Measurement for Transporting Human Organs","volume":"6","author":"Scalea","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2021.3053172","article-title":"Pathologic Blood Samples Tolerate Exposure to Vibration and High Turbulence in Simulated Drone Flights, but Plasma Samples Should be Centrifuged after Flight","volume":"9","author":"Johannessen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2021-0513","article-title":"The effect of drone transport on the stability of biochemical, coagulation and hematological parameters in healthy individuals","volume":"59","author":"Perlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01204-16","article-title":"Drone transport of microbes in blood and sputum laboratory specimens","volume":"54","author":"Amukele","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30464-4","article-title":"Uncrewed aircraft systems versus motorcycles to deliver laboratory samples in west Africa: A comparative economic study","volume":"8","author":"Ochieng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, S., Rudolph, C., and Janke, C. (2019). Drones for Last Mile Logistics: Baloney or Part of the Solution?, Elsevier B.V.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.09.017"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiebert, B., Nouvet, E., Jeyabalan, V., and Donelle, L. (2020). The Application of Drones in Healthcare and Health-Related Services in North America: A Scoping Review. Drones, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4030030"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002961","article-title":"Drone versus ground delivery of simulated blood products to an urban trauma center: The Montreal Medi-Drone pilot study","volume":"90","author":"Homier","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2021.102865","article-title":"Critical factors characterizing consumers\u2019 intentions to use drones for last-mile delivery: Does delivery risk matter?","volume":"65","author":"Osakwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1108\/JHLSCM-02-2017-0003","article-title":"Flying maggots: A smart logistic solution to an enduring medical challenge","volume":"7","author":"Tatham","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Humanit. Logist. Supply Chain. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114854","article-title":"Applications and Research avenues for drone-based models in logistics: A classification and review","volume":"177","author":"Winkenbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"210","article-title":"New Solutions for the Sample Transport and Results Delivery: A Digital Lab","volume":"29","author":"Gruson","year":"2018","journal-title":"eJIFCC"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-19-00119","article-title":"Using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Delivery Decision Tool to Consider Transporting Medical Supplies via Drone","volume":"7","author":"Eichleay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Health Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2010.01.023","article-title":"Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: The allure of the multi-level perspective and its challenges","volume":"39","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2006.03.002","article-title":"Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change","volume":"74","author":"Hekkert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Christensen, C.M. (1997). The Innovator\u2019s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2307\/2393511","article-title":"Technological Discontinuities And Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change","volume":"35","author":"Anderson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geels, F.W. (2005). Technological Transitions and System Innovations: A Co-Evolutionary and Socio-Technical Analysis, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781845424596"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2004.08.014","article-title":"Processes and patterns in transitions and system innovations: Refining the co-evolutionary multi-level perspective","volume":"72","author":"Geels","year":"2005","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2007.01.003","article-title":"Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways","volume":"36","author":"Geels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101357","article-title":"A systematic review on unmanned aerial vehicles in Sub-Saharan Africa: A socio-technical perspective","volume":"63","author":"Haula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120677","article-title":"Multifaceted applicability of drones: A review","volume":"167","author":"Ayamga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2021.105443","article-title":"Logistics for a fleet of drones for medical item delivery: A case study for Louisville, KY","volume":"135","author":"Ghelichi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6571","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3049094","article-title":"Planning the future of smart cities with swarms of fully autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles using a novel framework","volume":"9","author":"Kuru","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2006.09.006","article-title":"Major system change through stepwise reconfiguration: A multi-level analysis of the transformation of American factory production (1850\u20131930)","volume":"28","author":"Geels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3760","article-title":"Sociotechnical transitions for deep decarbonization","volume":"357","author":"Geels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/09537320600777143","article-title":"Non-linearity and Expectations in Niche-Development Trajectories: Ups and Downs in Dutch Biogas Development (1973\u20132003)","volume":"18","author":"Geels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Gaziulusoy, A.\u0130. (2010). System Innovation for Sustainability: A Scenario Method and a Workshop Process for Product Development Teams. [Ph.D. Thesis (Monograph), University of Auckland]."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"15","article-title":"Ripples through the city: Understanding the processes set in motion through embedding a public bike sharing scheme in a city","volume":"15","author":"Tuama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2019.06.009","article-title":"Socio-technical transitions to sustainability: A review of criticisms and elaborations of the Multi-Level Perspective","volume":"39","author":"Geels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"15","article-title":"More Evolution than Revolution: Transition Management in Public Policy","volume":"3","author":"Rotmans","year":"2001","journal-title":"Foresight Lond. J. Insur. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johannessen, K.A., Comtet, H., and Fosse, E. (2021). A Drone Logistic Model for Transporting the Complete Analytic Volume of a Large-Scale University Laboratory. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094580"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"649","article-title":"A systematic review of peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation sharing research from 2010 to 2016: Progress and prospects from the multi-level perspective","volume":"27","author":"Prayag","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x","article-title":"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach","volume":"18","author":"Munn","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Lazar, J. (2017). Research Methods in Human-Computer Interaction, Morgan Kaufmann. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"16","article-title":"Qualitative content analysis: Demarcation, varieties, developments","volume":"20","author":"Mayring","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forum Qual. Soc. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Meyer, G., and Shaheen, S. (2017). iTRANS: Proactive ITS Based on Drone Technology to Solve Urban Transportation Challenge. Disrupting Mobility: Impacts of Sharing Economy and Innovative Transportation on Cities, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00057-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-19","article-title":"Consolidation of Clinical Microbiology Laboratories and Introduction of Transformative Technologies","volume":"33","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107451","article-title":"A survey on cellular-connected UAVs: Design challenges, enabling 5G\/B5G innovations, and experimental advancements","volume":"182","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khisa, S., and Moh, S. (2020). Medium Access Control Protocols for the Internet of Things Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Comparative Survey. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195586"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4133","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4133","article-title":"A survey on recent optimal techniques for securing unmanned aerial vehicles applications","volume":"32","author":"Syed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mion, F.U. (2019). Flying drones to exchange lab samples service innovation by the Swiss multisite hospital EOC. Service Design and Service Thinking in Healthcare and Hospital Management, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00749-2_26"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Delivery of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) by Drones: Implications for Emergency Cardiac Care","volume":"12","author":"Bogle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.09.014","article-title":"Use of drones in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases: Current status, challenges and barriers","volume":"26","author":"Poljak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2017.04.037","article-title":"The drone ambulance [A-UAS]: Golden bullet or just a blank?","volume":"116","author":"Gautama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00818","article-title":"Creeping Through the Backdoor: Disruption in Medicine and Health","volume":"11","author":"Shaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12989","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12989","article-title":"Drones in medicine\u2014The rise of the machines","volume":"71","author":"Balasingam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000002221","article-title":"The promising future of drones in prehospital medical care and its application to battlefield medicine","volume":"87","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Nentwich, M., and H\u00f3rvath, D.M. (2018). Delivery Drones from a Technology Assessment Perspective, Institute for Technology Assessment of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ITA). Overview Report."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"w14423","article-title":"Precision global health in the digital age","volume":"147","author":"Flahault","year":"2017","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003081","article-title":"Data Science in Healthcare: Implications for Early Career Investigators","volume":"9","author":"Bhavnani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cawthorne, D., and Wynsberghe, A.R. (2019, January 15\u201316). From HealthDrone to FrugalDrone: Value-Sensitive Design of a Blood Sample Transportation Drone. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS), Medford, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTAS48451.2019.8938019"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truog, S., Maxim, L., Matemba, C., Blauvelt, C., Ngwira, H., Makaya, A., Moreira, S., Lawrence, E., Ailstock, G., and Weitz, A. (2020). Insights Before Flights: How Community Perceptions Can Make or Break Medical Drone Deliveries. Drones, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/drones4030051"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz131","article-title":"A drone delivery network for antiepileptic drugs: A framework and modelling case study in a low-income country","volume":"114","author":"Mateen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faramondi, L., Oliva, G., Ardito, L., Crescenzi, A., Caricato, M., Tesei, M., Muda, A.O., and Setola, R. (October, January 28). Use of drone to improve healthcare efficiency and sustainability. Proceedings of the 2020 43rd International Convention on Information, Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO), Opatija, Croatia.","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO48935.2020.9245247"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1017\/gheg.2018.11","article-title":"The use of unmanned aerial vehicles for health purposes: A systematic review of experimental studies","volume":"3","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Health Epidemiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.05.021","article-title":"Key questions about the future of laboratory medicine in the next decade of the 21st century: A report from the IFCC-Emerging Technologies Division","volume":"495","author":"Greaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejeb, A., Rejeb, K., Simske, S.J., and Treiblmaier, H. (2021). Drones for supply chain management and logistics: A review and research agenda. Int. J. Logist., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2021.100434"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-021-00327-4","article-title":"Ethical Considerations Associated with \u201cHumanitarian Drones\u201d: A Scoping Literature Review","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp170196","article-title":"Drone delivery of Medications: Review of the landscape and legal considerations","volume":"75","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Health-Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Importance of Drones in Healthcare Delivery Amid a Pandemic: Current and Generation Next Application","volume":"2","author":"Oigbochie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21967","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021967","article-title":"Drone for medical products transportation in maternal healthcare: A systematic review and framework for future research","volume":"99","author":"Zailani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Maclaine Pont, P., van Est, R., and Deuten, J. (2016). Shaping Socio-Technical Innovation through Policy: Essay Commissioned by the Department of Knowledge, Innovation and Strategy of the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, Rathenau Institute."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (2021, November 27). U.S. Transportation Secretary Elaine L. Chao Announces FAA Certification of Commercial Package Delivery, Available online: https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/newsroom\/us-transportation-secretary-elaine-l-chao-announces-faa-certification-commercial-package."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Lavall\u00e9e, C. (2021, November 27). The EU Policy for Civil Drones: The Challenge of Governing Emerging Technologies. Available online: https:\/\/brussels-school.be\/publications\/policy-briefs\/eu-policy-civil-drones-challenge-governing-emerging-technologies."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.10.022","article-title":"Impact of phlebotomy decision support application on sample collection errors and laboratory efficiency","volume":"412","author":"Loh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2015.10.010","article-title":"Pre-analytical phase: The automated ProTube device supports quality assurance in the phlebotomy process","volume":"451","author":"Piva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balter, M.L., Chen, A.I., Fromholtz, A., Gorshkov, A., Maguire, T.J., and Yarmush, M.L. (2016, January 9\u201314). System design and development of a robotic device for automated venipuncture and diagnostic blood cell analysis. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Daejeon, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2016.7759102"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comtet, H.E., and Johannessen, K.A. (2021). The Moderating Role of Pro-Innovative Leadership and Gender as an Enabler for Future Drone Transports in Healthcare Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052637"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-5899.13007","article-title":"Drone Use for COVID-19 Related Problems: Techno-solutionism and its Societal Implications","volume":"12","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Policy"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"1659","article-title":"Designing Transitions Bottom-up: The agency of design in formation and proliferation of niche practices","volume":"22","author":"Gaziulusoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Des. J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.2307\/2393553","article-title":"Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation","volume":"35","author":"Cohen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Geels, F.W., Eames, M., Steward, F., and Monaghan, A. (2008). The Feasibility of Systems Thinking in Sustainable Consumption and Production Policy: A Report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Defra. Report."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/09537320802292651","article-title":"Strategic niche management and sustainable innovation journeys: Theory, findings, research agenda, and policy","volume":"20","author":"Schot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"15","article-title":"Reconfigurations in sustainability transitions: A systematic and critical review","volume":"17","author":"Laakso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci. Pract. Policy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15195","article-title":"Aerial drones for blood delivery","volume":"59","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101624","article-title":"Intricacies of medical drones in healthcare delivery: Implications for Africa","volume":"66","author":"Nyaaba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zailani, M.A., Azma, R.Z., Aniza, I., Rahana, A.R., Ismail, M.S., Shahnaz, I.S., Chan, K.S., Jamaludin, M., and Mahdy, Z.A. (2021). Drone versus ambulance for blood products transportation: An economic evaluation study. BMC Health Serv. Res., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07321-3"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehab724.0656","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab724.0656","article-title":"Automated external defibrillators delivered by drones to patients with suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest","volume":"42","author":"Schierbeck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Murphy, K., and Jain, N. (2021, November 22). Riding The Disruption Wave In Healthcare. Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/baininsights\/2018\/05\/01\/riding-the-disruption-wave-in-healthcare\/."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14542","article-title":"Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones","volume":"521","author":"Floreano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"13","article-title":"Learning to walk before we try to run: Adapting lean for the public sector","volume":"28","author":"Radnor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Money Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"146","article-title":"Utilization of lean management principles in the ambulatory clinic setting","volume":"6","author":"Casey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Urol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1945-1474.2009.00026.x","article-title":"Rapid assessment and disposition: Applying LEAN in the emergency department","volume":"31","author":"Eller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Healthc. Qual."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.10.049","article-title":"Application of lean methods improves surgical clinic experience","volume":"45","author":"Waldhausen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/09540962.2013.817126","article-title":"Implementing lean six sigma in healthcare: Issues from Italy","volume":"33","author":"Chiarini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Money Manag."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-11-2013-0191","article-title":"Application of Lean Six Sigma methodology in the registration process of a hospital","volume":"63","author":"Bhat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2016.1143131","article-title":"Lean healthcare: Review, classification and analysis of literature","volume":"27","author":"Costa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzv123","article-title":"Lean interventions in healthcare: Do they actually work? A systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Moraros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLSS-05-2015-0015","article-title":"Lean Six Sigma: A categorized review of the literature","volume":"7","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Lean Six Sigma"},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Tornatzky, L.G., Fleischer, M., and Chakrabarti, A.K. (1990). The Processes of Technological Innovation, Lexington Books."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Osterwalder, A., Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G., Smith, A., and Papadakos, T. (2015). Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want, WILEY."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"143","article-title":"Engineering and the Problem of Moral Overload","volume":"18","author":"Lokhorst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Eng. Ethics"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/2\/62\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:07:48Z","timestamp":1760134068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/2\/62"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["info13020062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13020062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]}}}