{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:46Z","timestamp":1787028586561,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of the internet of things, there are more and more end devices, such as wearable devices, USVs and intelligent automobiles, connected to the internet. These devices tend to require large amounts of computing resources with stringent latency requirements, which inevitably increases the burden on edge server nodes. Therefore, in order to alleviate the problem that the computing capacity of edge server nodes is limited and cannot meet the computing service requirements of a large number of end devices in the internet of things scenario, we combined the characteristics of rich computing resources of cloud servers and low transmission delay of edge servers to build a hybrid computing task-offloading architecture of cloud-edge-end collaboration. Then, we study offloading based on this architecture for complex dependent tasks generated on end devices. We introduce a two-dimensional offloading decision factor to model latency and energy consumption, and formalize the model as a multi-objective optimization problem with the optimization objective of minimizing the average latency and average energy consumption of the task\u2019s computation offloading. Based on this, we propose a multi-objective offloading (SPMOO) algorithm based on an improved strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm (SPEA2) for solving the problem. A large number of experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has good performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13020075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:36:47Z","timestamp":1644179807000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SPMOO: A Multi-Objective Offloading Algorithm for Dependent Tasks in IoT Cloud-Edge-End Collaboration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3311-1837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Mobile Network Application Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengtao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chu Kochen Honors College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310063, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600514","article-title":"Internet-of-Things-Based Smart Cities: Recent Advances and Challenges","volume":"55","author":"Mehmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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