{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:24:25Z","timestamp":1772713465592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pioneering Research Initiated by the Next Generation Home","award":["JPMJSP2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The game \u2018Mafia\u2019 is a logic puzzle that has been a top-rated party game played worldwide. Many studies have been dedicated to determining the best character combination to keep players engaged while analyzing the overall death toll. Although it has only two-sided plays, there are multiple combinations of characters in which each character\u2019s rules are different. This paper explores the game\u2019s sophistication using the game refinement theory and motion in mind model while measuring the entertainment of each character\u2019s actions. It then focuses on the dynamics of minority versus majority behaviors during the game process. Computer simulations were conducted to collect the data of each character and assess the entertainment impacts. Moreover, the energy value of each character was computed based on the motion in mind model. The results show that when the number of \u2018Mafia\u2019 and the number of \u2018Sheriffs\u2019 are equal, the sophistication of each character is maximized. In addition, the data indicates the player engagement in the following order: Mafia&gt;Sheriff&gt;Citizen. Thus, it can be concluded that the actions of the Mafia character are the most complicated and significantly impact the game. It is expected that the results in this study enable game designers to improve each character\u2019s perspective and examine possible enhancements from the viewpoint of entertainment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13030134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:38:16Z","timestamp":1646599096000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Dynamics of Minority versus Majority Behaviors: A Case Study of the Mafia Game"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8892-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Ri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1250-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7909-8869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nor Akmal","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Entertainment Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-9837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Iida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan"},{"name":"Research Center for Entertainment Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi 923-1292, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Roger, B.M. 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