{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T01:37:58Z","timestamp":1768613878585,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["883522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["883522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, the transformations of cities into smart cities is a crucial factor in improving the living conditions of the inhabitants as well as addressing emergency situations under the concept of public safety and property loss. In this context, many sensing systems have been designed and developed that provide fire detection and gas leakage alerts. On the other hand, new technologies such edge computing have gained significant attention in recent years. Moreover, the development of recent intelligent applications in IoT aims to integrate several types of systems with automated next-generation emergency calls in case of a serious accident. Currently, there is a lack of studies that combine all the aforementioned technologies. The proposed smart building sensor system, SB112, combines a small-size multisensor-based (temperature, humidity, smoke, flame, CO, LPG, and CNG) scheme with an open-source edge computing framework and automated Next Generation (NG) 112 emergency call functionality. It involves crucial actors such as IoT devices, a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), the middleware of a smart city platform, and relevant operators in an end-to-end manner for real-world scenarios. To verify the utility and functionality of the proposed system, a representative end-to-end experiment was performed, publishing raw measurements from sensors as well as a fire alert in real time and with low latency (average latency of 32 ms) to the middleware of a smart city platform. Once the fire was detected, a fully automatic NG112 emergency call to a PSAP was performed. The proposed methodology highlights the potential of the S\u0392112 system for exploitation by decision-makers or city authorities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13040164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:27:51Z","timestamp":1648416471000},"page":"164","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Smart Building Fire and Gas Leakage Alert System with Edge Computing and NG112 Emergency Call Capabilities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3761-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Maltezos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Petousakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aris","family":"Dadoukis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazaros","family":"Karagiannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5078-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Ouzounoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Krommyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3500-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Hadjipavlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4089-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelos","family":"Amditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication and Computer Systems (ICCS), 15773 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2306328","article-title":"Internet of Things for Smart Cities","volume":"1","author":"Zanella","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2022, January 11). New Waves of IoT Technologies Research\u2014Transcending Intelligence and Senses at the Edge to Create Multi Experience Environments. SINTEF. Available online: https:\/\/www.sintef.no\/publikasjoner\/publikasjon\/1896632\/."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"An Intelligent Fire Detection and Mitigation System Safe from Fire (SFF)","volume":"133","author":"Mobin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhoi, S.K., Panda, S.K., Padhi, B.N., Swain, M.K., Hembram, B., Mishra, D., Mallick, C., Singh, M., and Khilar, P.M. (2018, January 19\u201321). FireDS-IoT: A Fire Detection System for Smart Home Based on IoT Data Analytics. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT), Bhubaneswar, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2018.00042"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Liu, J., Guo, C., Li, S., Li, L., and Xu, L. (2020, January 6\u20138). Design of Smoke Detection and Alarm System Based on LoRa. Proceedings of the 2020 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAC51589.2020.9326322"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, H.-Y., and Hwang, C.-H. (2020). Obscuration Threshold Database Construction of Smoke Detectors for Various Combustibles. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216272"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6644","DOI":"10.11591\/ijece.v10i6.pp6644-6654","article-title":"Development in building fire detection and evacuation system-a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Birajdar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. (IJECE)"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jadon, A., Omama, M., Varshney, A., Ansari, M.S., and Sharma, R. (2019). FireNet: A Specialized Lightweight Fire & Smoke Detection Model for Real-Time IoT Applications. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Sanchez, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Jim\u00e9nez, L., Jim\u00e9nez, A., Vaquero, J., Borromeo, S., and L\u00e1zaro-Galilea, J. (2021). HelpResponder\u2014System for the Security of First Responder Interventions. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21082614"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Chen, L., and Hao, X. (2021). Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Algorithm for Indoor Fire Early Warning Based on BP Neural Network. Information, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/info12020059"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehman, A., Qureshi, M.A., Ali, T., Irfan, M., Abdullah, S., Yasin, S., Draz, U., Glowacz, A., Nowakowski, G., and Alghamdi, A. (2021). Smart Fire Detection and Deterrent System for Human Savior by Using Internet of Things (IoT). Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14175500"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.M. (2020). Sensor-Based Gas Leakage Detector System. Eng. Proc., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-7-08278"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4","article-title":"LPG\/CNG Gas Leakage Detection and Prevention using IoT","volume":"8","author":"Swetha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B4-2020-409-2020","article-title":"Developing an intelligent fire alarming, monitoring and rescuing system using UAV","volume":"43","author":"Nembhnani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fonollosa, J., Sol\u00f3rzano, A., and Marco, S. (2018). Chemical Sensor Systems and Associated Algorithms for Fire Detection: A Review. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020553"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avgeris, M., Spatharakis, D., Dechouniotis, D., Kalatzis, N., Roussaki, I., and Papavassiliou, S. (2019). Where There Is Fire There Is SMOKE: A Scalable Edge Computing Framework for Early Fire Detection. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030639"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.J9920.0881019","article-title":"Smart Firefighting System for Smart Cities Adopting Fog\/Edge Computing","volume":"8","author":"Ilayarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahgoub, A., Tarrad, N., Elsherif, R., Ismail, L., and Al-Ali, A. (2020, January 2\u20135). Fire Alarm System for Smart Cities Using Edge Computing. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Informatics, IoT, and Enabling Technologies (ICIoT), Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIoT48696.2020.9089653"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"AIOTI (2022, January 13). The Alliance for the Internet of Things Innovation. Available online: https:\/\/aioti.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2022, January 28). imthefastlane. The Value of Spatial Information for Emergency Services. EENA. Available online: https:\/\/eena.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/GIS-The-value-of-spatial-information-for-emergency-services.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sdongos, E., Bolovinou, A., Tsogas, M., Amditis, A., Guerra, B., and Manso, M. (2017, January 8\u201311). Next Generation Automated Emergency Calls\u2014Specifying Next Generation Ecall Sensor-Enabled Emergency Services. Proceedings of the 2017 14th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2017.8015368"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1408784","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1408784","article-title":"Next Generation Emergency Services Based on the Pan-European Mobile Emergency Application (PEMEA) Protocol: Leveraging Mobile Positioning and Context Information","volume":"2019","author":"Sedlar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haghi, M., Barakat, R., Spicher, N., Heinrich, C., Jageniak, J., \u00d6ktem, G., Krips, M., Wang, J., Hackel, S., and Deserno, T. (2021). Automatic Information Exchange in the Early Rescue Chain Using the International Standard Accident Number (ISAN). Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9080996"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, February 10). The Go Programming Language. Available online: https:\/\/go.dev\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2022, January 26). Apache Kafka. Available online: https:\/\/kafka.apache.org\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nasiri, H., Nasehi, S., and Goudarzi, M. (2018). A Survey of Distributed Stream Processing Systems for Smart City Data Analytics. SCIOT 18: Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Cities and Internet of Things, Association for Computing Machinery.","DOI":"10.1145\/3269961.3282845"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110683","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3102595","article-title":"Enhanced Service Framework Based on Microservice Management and Client Support Provider for Efficient User Experiment in Edge Computing Environment","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2022, January 26). Eclipse Mosquitto. Available online: https:\/\/mosquitto.org\/."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Foundation, T.L. (2022, January 13). Welcome. Available online: https:\/\/www.edgexfoundry.org."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85714","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2991734","article-title":"An Overview on Edge Computing Research","volume":"8","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., Sun, B., Zhou, Y., Han, H., Li, Q., Xu, C., and Jin, X. (2020, January 21\u201323). Video Sensor Security System in IoT Based on Edge Computing. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP49889.2020.9299709"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villali, V., Bijivemula, S., Narayanan, S.L., Prathusha, T.M.V., Sri, M.S.K., and Khan, A. (2021, January 7\u20139). Open-source Solutions for Edge Computing. Proceedings of the 2021 2nd International Conference on Smart Electronics and Communication (ICOSEC), Trichy, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSEC51865.2021.9591859"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2022, March 16). eKuiper-LF Edge. Available online: https:\/\/www.lfedge.org\/projects\/ekuiper\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mane, S.A., Nadargi, D.Y., Nadargi, J.D., Aldossary, O.M., Tamboli, M.S., and Dhulap, V.P. (2020). Design, Development and Validation of a Portable Gas Sensor Module: A Facile Approach for Monitoring Greenhouse Gases. Coatings, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10121148"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sintl.2020.100032","article-title":"A simple and low-cost integrative sensor system for methane and hydrogen measurement","volume":"1","author":"Fakra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"(2022, February 09). Smart Spaces Safety And Security. Greece. S4AllCities. Available online: https:\/\/www.s4allcities.eu."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/4\/164\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:42:40Z","timestamp":1760136160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/4\/164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info13040164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13040164","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]]}}}