{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1760151751447,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101016982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101016982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the achievements in automatically translating text from one language to another, one would expect to see similar advancements in translating between signed and spoken languages. However, progress in this effort has lagged in comparison. Typically, machine translation consists of processing text from one language to produce text in another. Because signed languages have no generally-accepted written form, translating spoken to signed language requires the additional step of displaying the language visually as animation through the use of a three-dimensional (3D) virtual human commonly known as an avatar. Researchers have been grappling with this problem for over twenty years, and it is still an open question. With the goal of developing a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by this question, this article gives a summary overview of the unique aspects of signed languages, briefly surveys the technology underlying avatars and performs an in-depth analysis of the features in a textual representation for avatar display. It concludes with a comparison of these features and makes observations about future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13040206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1650319442000},"page":"206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sign Language Avatars: A Question of Representation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-9582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalee","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Language and Speech Processing, Athena Research and Innovation Center, GR-151 25 Maroussi, Greece"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, DePaul University, 243 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago, IL 60604, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7356-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Deutsche Geb\u00e4rdensprache, Universit\u00e4t Hamburg, 20354 Hamburg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6511-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Ebling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Davy","family":"Van Landuyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union of the Deaf, Rue de la Loi-Wetstraat 26\/15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Frankie","family":"Picron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Union of the Deaf, Rue de la Loi-Wetstraat 26\/15, 1040 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-6287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Krausneker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Bildungswissenschaft, Universit\u00e4t Wien, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Efthimiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Language and Speech Processing, Athena Research and Innovation Center, GR-151 25 Maroussi, Greece"}]},{"given":"Evita","family":"Fotinea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Language and Speech Processing, Athena Research and Innovation Center, GR-151 25 Maroussi, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies","family":"Braffort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Num\u00e9rique, Campus universitaire b\u00e2t 507, Rue du Belved\u00e8re, F-91405 Orsay, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hassan, H., Aue, A., Chen, C., Chowdhary, V., Clark, J., Federmann, C., Huang, X., Junczys-Dowmunt, M., Lewis, W., and Li, M. 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