{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:17:07Z","timestamp":1790054227643,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food safety is a fundamental right in modern societies. One of the most pressing problems nowadays is the provenance of food and food-related products that citizens consume, mainly due to several food scares and the globalization of food markets, which has resulted in food supply chains that extend beyond nations or even continent boundaries. Food supply networks are characterized by high complexity and a lack of openness. There is a critical requirement for applying novel techniques to verify and authenticate the origin, quality parameters, and transfer\/storage details associated with food. This study portrays an end-to-end approach to enhance the security of the food supply chain and thus increase the trustfulness of the food industry. The system aims at increasing the transparency of food supply chain monitoring systems through securing all components that those consist of. A universal information monitoring scheme based on blockchain technology ensures the integrity of collected data, a self-sovereign identity approach for all supply chain actors ensures the minimization of single points of failure, and finally, a security mechanism, that is based on the use of TinyML\u2019s nascent technology, is embedded in monitoring devices to mitigate a significant portion of malicious behavior from actors in the supply chain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13050213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T01:55:51Z","timestamp":1650506151000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Enhancing Food Supply Chain Security through the Use of Blockchain and TinyML"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0081-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Tsoukas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35100 Lamia, Greece"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, 35131 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anargyros","family":"Gkogkidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35100 Lamia, Greece"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, 35131 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3293-2596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Kampa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, 35131 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2947-486X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Spathoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35100 Lamia, Greece"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, 35131 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5431-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Kakarountas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35100 Lamia, Greece"},{"name":"Intelligent Systems Laboratory, 35131 Lamia, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","article-title":"Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States\u2014Major Pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Scallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-505","article-title":"State Estimates for the Annual Cost of Foodborne Illness","volume":"78","author":"Scharff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.10.006","article-title":"A Novel Method for Discrimination of Beef and Horsemeat Using Raman Spectroscopy","volume":"148","author":"Temiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). Foodborne pathogens. Food Safety Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42660-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis817","article-title":"Hospital-Acquired Listeriosis Outbreak Caused by Contaminated Diced Celery\u2013Texas, 2010","volume":"56","author":"Gaul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106482","article-title":"German Outbreak of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Associated with Sprouts","volume":"365","author":"Buchholz","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Multistate Outbreak of Listeriosis Linked to Whole Cantaloupes from Jensen Farms, Colorado | Listeria | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/cantaloupes-jensen-farms\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wholesome Soy Products, Inc. (2022, March 14). Sprouts and Investigation of Human Listeriosis Cases, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/bean-sprouts-11-14\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6512a1","article-title":"Campylobacter Jejuni Infections Associated with Raw Milk Consumption\u2014Utah, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Enteritidis Infections Linked to Bean Sprouts | November 2014 | Salmonella | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/enteritidis-11-14\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melons | Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon | April 2019 | Salmonella | CDC, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/salmonella\/carrau-04-19\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng, M.-L., Ha, H.M., Tran, T.P.T., Bui, T.-D., Lim, M.K., Lin, C.-W., and Helmi Ali, M. (2022). Data-Driven on Sustainable Food Supply Chain: A Comparison on Halal and Non-Halal Food System. J. Ind. Prod. Eng., 1\u201328.","DOI":"10.1080\/21681015.2022.2040622"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.03.003","article-title":"Food Safety in the 21st Century","volume":"41","author":"Fung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.040","article-title":"Global Food Safety as a Complex Adaptive System: Key Concepts and Future Prospects","volume":"91","author":"Nayak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-12-2018-0431","article-title":"Modelling Internet of Things Driven Sustainable Food Security System","volume":"28","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benchmarking"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.11.016","article-title":"Drivers of Food Waste and Their Implications for Sustainable Policy Development","volume":"106","author":"Thyberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.11.017","article-title":"Risk Analysis Approach Applied to Consumers\u2019 Behaviour toward Fraud in Food Products","volume":"107","author":"Barrere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126763","article-title":"A Systematic Literature Review on Applications of Information and Communication Technologies and Blockchain Technologies for Precision Agriculture Development","volume":"298","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixon, B.R., Fayer, R., Sant\u00edn, M., Hill, D.E., and Dubey, J.P. (2011). Protozoan parasites: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Cyclospora, and Toxoplasma. Rapid Detect. Identif. Quantif. Foodborne Pathog., 349\u2013370.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817121.ch24"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly, S. (2011). New approaches to determining the origin of food. Food Chain Integrity, Woodhead Publishing.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857092519.3.238"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(95)00053-4","article-title":"What Problems Does the Food Industry Have with the Spore-Forming Pathogens Bacillus Cereus and Clostridium Perfringens?","volume":"28","author":"Andersson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073\/2005. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32005R2073&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-252","article-title":"Quantitative Data Analysis to Determine Best Food Cooling Practices in U.S. Restaurants","volume":"78","author":"Schaffner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.7.1537","article-title":"Growth Potential of Clostridium Perfringens during Cooling of Cooked Meats","volume":"67","author":"Taormina","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting microbial growth in food systems. Food Safety Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). Good manufacturing practices and other programs in support of the food safety system. Food Safety Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs). Food Safety Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). The hazard analysis risk-based preventive controls. Food Safety Engineering, Springer."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). Food traceability. Food Safety Engineering, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42660-6"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Demirci, A., Feng, H., and Krishnamurthy, K. (2020). Product recalls as part of the last line of food safety defense. Food Safety Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Shen, Z., Zhang, A., and Chai, Y. (2018, January 28\u201331). Blockchain and IoT based food traceability for smart agriculture. Proceedings of the ICCSE\u201918 3rd International Conference on Crowd Science and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3265689.3265692"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.024","article-title":"Transparency in Food Supply Chains: A Review of Enabling Technology Solutions","volume":"91","author":"Astill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/550043e","article-title":"Blockchain Could Boost Food Security","volume":"550","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.18843\/ijms\/v6i1(5)\/13","article-title":"Incorporating Block Chain Technology in Food Supply Chain","volume":"6","author":"Ray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tian, F. (2016, January 24\u201326). An agri-food supply chain traceability system for china based on RFID & blockchain technology. Proceedings of the 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), Kunming, China."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69230","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2986257","article-title":"Blockchain-Based Agri-Food Supply Chain: A Complete Solution","volume":"8","author":"Shahid","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, N., Shukla, A., Tanwar, S., and Singh, D. (2021). KRanTi: Blockchain-Based Farmer\u2019s Credit Scheme for Agriculture-Food Supply Chain. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., e4286.","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4286"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Tian, F. (2017, January 16\u201318). A supply chain traceability system for food safety based on HACCP, blockchain & Internet of Things. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management, Dalian, China."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2907658","article-title":"Blockchain Inspired RFID-Based Information Architecture for Food Supply Chain","volume":"6","author":"Mondal","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Blockchain: Transforming Seafood Supply Chain Traceability. Available online: https:\/\/www.wwf.org.nz\/?15961\/Blockchain-Transforming-Seafood-Supply-Chain-Traceability."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). From Shore to Plate: Tracking Tuna on the Blockchain. Available online: https:\/\/www.provenance.org\/tracking-tuna-on-the-blockchain."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, A., and Tomarchio, O. (2021, January 26\u201328). An agri-food supply chain traceability management system based on hyperledger fabric blockchain. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS2021), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.5220\/0010447606480658"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.35940\/ijitee.I8660.0881019","article-title":"Developing Blockchain-Based System for Tracking the Origin of Chicken Products","volume":"8","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Technol. Explor. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dey, S., Saha, S., Singh, A.K., and McDonald-Maier, K. (2021). FoodSQRBlock: Digitizing Food Production and the Supply Chain with Blockchain and QR Code in the Cloud. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.12652895"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsoukas, V., Gkogkidis, A., Kampa, A., Spathoulas, G., and Kakarountas, A. (2021, January 24\u201326). Blockchain technology in food supply chain: A state of the art. Proceedings of the 2021 6th South-East Europe Design Automation, Computer Engineering, Computer Networks and Social Media Conference (SEEDA-CECNSM), Preveza, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SEEDA-CECNSM53056.2021.9566256"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2019.05.019","article-title":"Blockchain and More\u2014Algorithm Driven Food Traceability","volume":"105","author":"Creydt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). FAO Traceability\/Product Tracing in Codex. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/waicent\/faoinfo\/food-safety-quality\/cd_hygiene\/cnt\/cnt_en\/sec_3\/docs_3.6\/Traceability.pdf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.11.007","article-title":"Traceability in a Food Supply Chain: Safety and Quality Perspectives","volume":"39","author":"Aung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1108\/13287261211279053","article-title":"TraceALL: A Semantic Web Framework for Food Traceability Systems","volume":"14","author":"Salampasis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Syst. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"100169","article-title":"Traceability System for Quality Monitoring in the Fishery and Aquaculture Value Chain","volume":"5","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.12.020","article-title":"Business Process Reengineering of a Supply Chain and a Traceability System: A Case Study","volume":"93","author":"Bevilacqua","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Biswas, K., Muthukkumarasamy, V., and Lum, W. (2017, January 29\u201330). Blockchain based wine supply chain traceability system. Proceedings of the Future Technologies Conference (FTC), Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2008.10.005","article-title":"Public\u2013Private Partnerships and Collective Action in High Value Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains","volume":"34","author":"Narrod","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demestichas, K., Peppes, N., Alexakis, T., and Adamopoulou, E. (2020). Blockchain in Agriculture Traceability Systems: A Review. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10124113"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2013.02.004","article-title":"Food Traceability as an Integral Part of Logistics Management in Food and Agricultural Supply Chain","volume":"33","author":"Bosona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2013.09.006","article-title":"Traceability Issues in Food Supply Chain Management: A Review","volume":"120","author":"Dabbene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.05.005","article-title":"Food Traceability: New Trends and Recent Advances. A Review","volume":"57","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Hofstede, G.J., Spaans, L., Schepers, H., Trienekens, J.H., and Beulens, A.J.M. (2004). Hide or Confide: The Dilemma of Transparency, Reed Business Information."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2010.06.001","article-title":"Systems for Sustainability and Transparency of Food Supply Chains\u2014Current Status and Challenges","volume":"25","author":"Wognum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Informatics"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"34","article-title":"How Supply Chain Transparency Boosts Business Value","volume":"63","author":"Kraft","year":"2021","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2021.108152","article-title":"Supply Chain Transparency: A Bibliometric Review and Research Agenda","volume":"238","author":"Montecchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina, G., and Thom\u00e9, K. (2021). Transparency in Global Agribusiness: Transforming Brazil\u2019s Soybean Supply Chain Based on Companies\u2019 Accountability. Logistics, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics5030058"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00e4fer, N. (2022). Making Transparency Transparent: A Systematic Literature Review to Define and Frame Supply Chain Transparency in the Context of Sustainability. Manag. Rev. Q., 1\u201326.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-021-00252-7"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Blockchain Food Traceability. Available online: https:\/\/openlink.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/blockchain-food-traceability-can-revolutionize-the-industry\/."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8432","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01993","article-title":"Reducing Food Loss and Waste to Enhance Food Security and Environmental Sustainability","volume":"50","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9494","DOI":"10.3390\/su6129494","article-title":"Can Health and Environmental Concerns Meet in Food Choices?","volume":"6","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). European Commission Consumer Policy\u2014Strengthening the Role of Consumers in the Green Transition. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/law\/better-regulation\/have-your-say\/initiatives\/12467-Empowering-the-consumer-for-the-green-transition."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, D. (2020). Viable Supply Chain Model: Integrating Agility, Resilience and Sustainability Perspectives\u2014Lessons from and Thinking beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic. Ann. Oper. Res., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-020-03640-6"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2020.107886","article-title":"Exploring Supply Chain Structural Dynamics: New Disruptive Technologies and Disruption Risks","volume":"229","author":"Dolgui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2020.10.019","article-title":"Redesigning Supply Chains Using Blockchain-Enabled Circular Economy and COVID-19 Experiences","volume":"27","author":"Nandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing the Sustainable Food System in Thailand under Uncertainties: Governance, Distribution and Storage Drive Technological Innovation","volume":"39","author":"Tseng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ind. Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Sustainability in the Food Industry: Progress and Next Steps. Available online: https:\/\/insights.figlobal.com\/sites\/figlobal.com\/files\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Whitepaper-Sustainability-in-the-food-industry-progress-and-next-steps-including-case-study-on-Symrise_-Solvay_-Diana-Food-and-ABC_FINAL-1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-09-2020-0832","article-title":"Blockchain Technology for a Sustainable Agri-Food Supply Chain","volume":"123","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2021.11.026","article-title":"A Performance Measurement Framework for Socially Sustainable and Resilient Supply Chains Using Environmental Goods Valuation Methods","volume":"30","author":"Hervani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). GHP and HACCP | Food Safety and Quality | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/food-safety\/food-control-systems\/supply-chains-and-consumers\/ghp-and-haccp\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Organic Area Accounted for 4% of the Total Utilised Agricultural Area in the EU25 in 2005. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-euro-indicators\/-5-12062007-bp."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Organic Farming in the EU. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/info\/sites\/default\/files\/food-farming-fisheries\/farming\/documents\/market-brief-organic-farming-in-the-eu_mar2019_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoorfar, J., Jordan, K., Butler, F., and Prugger, R. (2011). Food Chain Integrity: A Holistic Approach to Food Traceability, Safety, Quality, and Authenticity, Woodhead Pub. Ltd.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857092519"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montet, D., and Ray, R.C. (2017). Food Traceability and Authenticity: Analytical Techniques, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351228435"},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"FAO (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, (SOFIA), FAO. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Oceana Oceana Canada Report Uncovers Widespread Seafood Fraud Across Country. Available online: https:\/\/www.oceana.ca\/en\/press-center\/press-releases\/oceana-canada-report-uncovers-widespread-seafood-fraud-across-country."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sotelo, C.G., Velasco, A., Perez-Martin, R.I., Kappel, K., Schr\u00f6der, U., Verrez-Bagnis, V., J\u00e9r\u00f4me, M., Mendes, R., Silva, H., and Mariani, S. (2018). Tuna Labels Matter in Europe: Mislabelling Rates in Different Tuna Products. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196641"},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Regulation (EC) No 852\/2004 of The European Parliament And Of The Council. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32004R0852&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Regulation (EC) No 853\/2004 of The European Parliament And Of The Council. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32004R0853&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panarello, A., Tapas, N., Merlino, G., Longo, F., and Puliafito, A. (2018). Blockchain and IoT Integration: A Systematic Survey. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082575"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62018","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2875782","article-title":"Blockchain in Logistics and Supply Chain: A Lean Approach for Designing Real-World Use Cases","volume":"6","author":"Perboli","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2018.03.007","article-title":"Chapter Three\u2014Blockchain technology: Supply chain insights from ERP","volume":"Volume 111","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Computers"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dos Santos, R.B., Torrisi, N.M., Yamada, E.R.K., and Pantoni, R.P. (2019). IGR Token-Raw Material and Ingredient Certification of Recipe Based Foods Using Smart Contracts. Informatics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics6010011"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Dettmers, T. (2016). 8-Bit Approximations for Parallelism in Deep Learning. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gholami, A., Kim, S., Dong, Z., Yao, Z., Mahoney, M.W., and Keutzer, K. (2021). A Survey of Quantization Methods for Efficient Neural Network Inference. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003162810-13"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E., Yoo, S., and Vajda, P. (2018). Value-Aware Quantization for Training and Inference of Neural Networks. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01225-0_36"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozer, M.C., and Smolensky, P. (1989). Skeletonization: A Technique for trimming the fat from a network via relevance assessment. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 1, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc.","DOI":"10.1080\/09540098908915626"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Hagiwara, M. (1993, January 25\u201329). Removal of hidden units and weights for back propagation networks. Proceedings of the 1993 International Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN-93-Nagoya, Japan), Nagoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"David, R., Duke, J., Jain, A., Reddi, V.J., Jeffries, N., Li, J., Kreeger, N., Nappier, I., Natraj, M., and Regev, S. (2021). TensorFlow Lite Micro: Embedded Machine Learning on TinyML Systems. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Edge Impulse. Available online: https:\/\/www.edgeimpulse.com\/."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, S., and Lukowicz, P. (2021, January 21\u201326). Capacitive sensing based on-board hand gesture recognition with TinyML. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, Virtual USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3460418.3479287"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"4054","article-title":"TinyLSTMs: Efficient Neural Speech Enhancement for Hearing Aids","volume":"2020","author":"Fedorov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interspeech"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u2019Jonck, K., Kancharla, C.R., Vankeirsbilck, J., Hallez, H., Boydens, J., and Pang, B. (2021, January 15\u201317). Real-time activity tracking using TinyML to support elderly care. Proceedings of the 2021 XXX International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), Sozopol, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ET52713.2021.9579991"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roshan, A.N., Gokulapriyan, B., Siddarth, C., and Kokil, P. (2021, January 11). Adaptive traffic control with TinyML. Proceedings of the 2021 Sixth International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET51692.2021.9419472"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade, P., Silva, I., Signoretti, G., Silva, M., Dias, J., Marques, L., and Costa, D.G. (2021, January 7\u20139). An unsupervised TinyML approach applied for pavement anomalies detection under the internet of intelligent vehicles. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Industry 4.0 IoT (MetroInd4.0 IoT), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroInd4.0IoT51437.2021.9488546"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1149\/MA2020-01261848mtgabs","article-title":"Alcohol Sensor Calibration on the Edge Using Tiny Machine Learning (Tiny-ML) Hardware","volume":"MA2020-01","author":"Lahade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meet. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alongi, F., Ghielmetti, N., Pau, D., Terraneo, F., and Fornaciari, W. (2020, January 14\u201317). Tiny neural networks for environmental predictions: An integrated approach with Miosix. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/SMARTCOMP50058.2020.00076"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuppalapati, C., Ilapakurti, A., Chillara, K., Kedari, S., and Mamidi, V. (2020, January 10\u201313). Automating tiny ML intelligent sensors DevOPS using Microsoft Azure. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Atlanta, GA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData50022.2020.9377755"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2022, March 14). Crossing the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chasm, Albeit Using Constrained IoT Edges and Tiny ML, for Creating a Sustainable Food Future. Available online: https:\/\/www.springerprofessional.de\/en\/crossing-the-artificial-intelligence-ai-chasm-albeit-using-const\/18435296."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Lord, M. (2022, March 14). TinyML, Anomaly Detection. Available online: https:\/\/scholarworks.calstate.edu\/concern\/theses\/8336h7115?locale=en."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, A., and Kant, S. (2021, January 7\u20138). Implementation of cyber threat intelligence platform on Internet of Things (IoT) using TinyML approach for deceiving cyber invasion. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME), Port Louis, Mauritius.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECCME52200.2021.9590959"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Metamask. Available online: https:\/\/metamask.io\/."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.-M. (2019). Using the MetaMask chrome extension. Beginning Ethereum Smart Contracts Programming: With Examples in Python, Solidity, and JavaScript, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-5086-0"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rewatkar, H.R., Agarwal, D., Khandelwal, A., and Upadhyay, S. (2021, January 18\u201319). Decentralized voting application using blockchain. Proceedings of the 2021 10th IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), Bhopal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSNT51715.2021.9509561"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Web3JS Etherreum JavaScript API. Available online: https:\/\/web3js.readthedocs.io\/en\/v1.7.1\/."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2022, March 12). Arduino Nano 33 Datasheet. Available online: https:\/\/docs.arduino.cc\/resources\/datasheets\/ABX00031-datasheet.pdf."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/5\/213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:57:43Z","timestamp":1760137063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/13\/5\/213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["info13050213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info13050213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]}}}