{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:33:47Z","timestamp":1783344827049,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Udelar (University of the Republic)","award":["RG-T3450-P004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-T3450-P004"]}]},{"name":"Udelar (University of the Republic)","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"Udelar (University of the Republic)","award":["proc.305731\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["proc.305731\/2021-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RG-T3450-P004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-T3450-P004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["proc.305731\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["proc.305731\/2021-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["RG-T3450-P004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG-T3450-P004"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["proc.305731\/2021-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["proc.305731\/2021-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a nationwide learning analytics initiative in Uruguay focused on the future implementation of governmental policies to mitigate student retention and dropouts in secondary education. For this, data from a total of 258,440 students were used to generate automated models to predict students at risk of failure or dropping out. Data were collected from primary and secondary education from different sources and for the period between 2015 and 2020. Such data contains demographic information about the students and their trajectories from the first grade of primary school to the second grade of secondary school (e.g., student assessments in different subjects over the years, the amount of absences, participation in social welfare programs, and the zone of the school, among other factors). Predictive models using the random forest algorithm were trained, and their performances were evaluated with F1-Macro and AUROC measures. The models were planned to be applied in different periods of the school year for the regular secondary school and for the technical secondary school ((before the beginning of the school year and after the first evaluation meeting for each grade). A total of eight predictive models were developed considering this temporal approach, and after an analysis of bias considering three protected attributes (gender, school zone, and social welfare program participation), seven of them were approved to be used for prediction. The models achieved outstanding performances according to the literature, with an AUROC higher than 0.90 and F1-Macro higher than 0.88. This paper describes in depth the characteristics of the data gathered, the specifics of data preprocessing, and the methodology followed for model generation and bias analysis, together with the architecture developed for the deployment of the predictive models. Among other findings, the results of the paper corroborate the importance given in the literature of using the previous performances of the students in order to predict their future performances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13090401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:22:48Z","timestamp":1661300568000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Early Prediction of At-Risk Students in Secondary Education: A Countrywide K-12 Learning Analytics Initiative in Uruguay"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4699-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel Marques","family":"Queiroga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, IFSul, Pelotas 96015560, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico (CDTEC), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas 96010610, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9996-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matheus Francisco","family":"Batista Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Sa\u00fade (CTS), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Ararangu\u00e1 88906072, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7229-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virg\u00ednia Rod\u00e9s","family":"Paragarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n Sectorial de Ense\u00f1anza, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica, Udelar, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3870-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago Thompsen","family":"Primo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico (CDTEC), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas 96010610, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6384-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian","family":"Cechinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico (CDTEC), Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas 96010610, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias, Tecnologias e Sa\u00fade (CTS), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Ararangu\u00e1 88906072, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Measuring the efficiency of public schools in Uruguay: Main drivers and policy implications","volume":"24","author":"Sicilia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lat. 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