{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T10:31:23Z","timestamp":1781519483248,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus+"},{"name":"University of Bremen"},{"name":"Continental Automotive Germany"},{"name":"ANSYS (Olaf Grunow)"},{"name":"CAFDEM (Elke Flechsenhaar)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern autonomous vehicles with an electric\/electronic (E\/E) architecture represent the next big step in the automation and evolution of smart and self-driving vehicles. This technology is of significant interest nowadays and humans are currently witnessing the development of the different levels of automation for their vehicles. According to recent demand, the components of smart vehicles are centrally or zonally connected, as well as connected to clouds to ensure the seamless automation of driving functions. This necessity has a downside, as it makes the system vulnerable to malicious attacks from hackers with unethical motives. To ensure the control, safety, and security of smart vehicles, attaining and upholding automotive cybersecurity standards is inevitable. The ISO\/SAE 21434 Road vehicle\u2014Cybersecurity engineering standard document was published in 2021 and can be considered the Bible of automotive cybersecurity. In this paper, a comparison between four different E\/E architectures was made based on the aforementioned standard. One of them is the traditional distributed architecture with many electronic control units (ECUs). The other three architectures consist of centralized or zonally distributed high-performance computers (HPCs). As the complexity of autonomous E\/E systems are on the rise, the traditional distributive method is compared against the HPC (brain)-based architectures to visualize a comparative scenario between the architectures. The authors of this paper analyzed the threats and damage scenarios of the architectures using the ISO\/SAE 21434 standard, \u201cMicrosoft Threat Analysis Tool - STRIDE\u201d, TARA, and \u201cAnsys Medini Analyze\u201d. Security controls are recommended to mitigate the threats and risks in all of these studied architectures. This work attempted to mitigate the gap in the scholarly literature by creating a comparative image of the E\/E architectures on a generalized level. The exploratory method of this research provides the reader with knowledge on four different architecture types, their fundamental properties, advantages, and disadvantages along with a general overview of the threats and vulnerabilities associated with each in light of the ISO\/SAE 21434 standard. The improvement possibilities of the studied architectures are provided and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted herein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13110518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:53:07Z","timestamp":1667447587000},"page":"518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cybersecurity Comparison of Brain-Based Automotive Electrical and Electronic Architectures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nadera Sultana","family":"Tany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AG Information Management (AGIM), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3152-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunish","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control, Computer and Communications Engineering (CCCE), Faculty of Information Technology, Electronics, Mechatronics (IEM), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) University of Applied Sciences, 61169 Friedberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0554-6227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Durgesh Nandan","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control, Computer and Communications Engineering (CCCE), Faculty of Information Technology, Electronics, Mechatronics (IEM), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) University of Applied Sciences, 61169 Friedberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinmay","family":"Shinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control, Computer and Communications Engineering (CCCE), Faculty of Information Technology, Electronics, Mechatronics (IEM), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) University of Applied Sciences, 61169 Friedberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2537-5955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Stolojescu-Crisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communications Department, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Information Technology, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Bd. Vasile P\u00e2rvan, nr. 2, 300223 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2540-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahamatullah","family":"Khondoker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Science & Data Processing (MND), THM University of Applied Sciences, 61169 Friedberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, W., Kurachi, R., Zeng, G., Wang, Y., Takada, H., and Li, K. (2022). Intelligent Connected Vehicles. Cybersecurity and High-Performance Computing Environments, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003155799-10"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021). Electrical\/Electronic (E\/E) Architecture, Automotive World Special Report. 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