{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T02:28:51Z","timestamp":1779157731483,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Erasmus program of the European Union","award":["2019-1-CY01-KA202-058338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-1-CY01-KA202-058338"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes a serious game based on a knowledge transfer model using deep reinforcement learning, with an aim to improve the caretakers\u2019 knowledge and abilities in post-stroke care. The iTrain game was designed to improve caregiver knowledge and abilities by providing non-traditional training to formal and informal caregivers who deal with stroke survivors. The methodologies utilized professional medical experiences and real-life evidence data gathered during the duration of the iTrain project to create the scenarios for the game\u2019s deep reinforcement caregiver behavior improvement model, as well as the design of game mechanics, game images and game characters, and gameplay implementation. Furthermore, the results of the game\u2019s direct impact on caregivers (n = 25) and stroke survivors (n = 21) in Lithuania using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and user experience questionnaire (UEQ) are presented. Both surveys had favorable outcomes, showing the effectiveness of the approach. The GDS scale (score 10) revealed a low number of 28% of individuals depressed, and the UEQ received a very favorable grade of +0.8.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info13120564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T09:18:36Z","timestamp":1669799916000},"page":"564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based iTrain Serious Game for Caregivers Dealing with Post-Stroke Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2809-2213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rytis","family":"Maskeliunas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9990-1084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Damasevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrius","family":"Paulauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multimedia Engineering, Faculty of Informatics, Kaunas University of Technology, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2694-4638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gabriella","family":"Ceravolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Politecnica delle Marche University, Neurorehabilitation Clinic, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Charalambous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kambanaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-195X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliada","family":"Pampoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, 3041 Limassol, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Barbabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tech4Care srl, 60015 Falconara Marittima, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Poli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Culture and Society, Division Ageing and Social Change, Link\u00f6ping University, 581 83 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-5893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos V.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GILT (Games, Interaction, Learning Technologies), Porto Polytechnic, 4200 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1159\/000525220","article-title":"Forty Years of Descriptive Epidemiology of Stroke","volume":"56","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3238165","article-title":"Stroke in the 21st Century: A Snapshot of the Burden, Epidemiology, and Quality of Life","volume":"2018","author":"Donkor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke Res. 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