{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T16:04:33Z","timestamp":1784217873794,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2023R137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The co-channel interference for mobile users (MUs) of a public safety network (PSN) in the co-existence of heterogeneous networks such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and LTE-based railway networks (LRNs) needs a thorough investigation, where UAVs are deployed as mobile base stations (BSs) for cell-edge coverage enhancement. Moreover, the LRN is employed for the train, and its control signal demands high reliability and low latency. It is necessary to provide higher priority to LRN users when allocating resources from shared radio access channels (RACs). By considering both sharing and non-sharing of RACs, co-channel interference was analyzed in the downlink network of the PSN, UAV, and LRN. By offloading more PSN MUs to the LRN or UAVs, the resource utilization of the LRN and UAV BSs was enhanced. In this paper, we aimed to adopt deep-learning (DL)-based enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) and further enhanced ICIC (FeICIC) strategies to deal with the interference from the PSN to the LRN and UAVs. Moreover, a DL-based coordinated multipoint (CoMP) for coordinated scheduling technique was utilized along with FeICIC and eICIC to enhance the performance of PSN MUs. In the simulation results, the performance of DL-based interference management was compared with simple eICI, FeICIC, and coordinated scheduling CoMP. The DL-based FeICIC and CoMP for coordinated scheduling performed best with shared RACs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14020139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T04:58:23Z","timestamp":1676869103000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Co-Channel Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks Using Deep Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1709-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ishtiaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Gomal University, D. I. Khan 25090, Pakistan"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 160 000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Gomal University, D. I. Khan 25090, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarmad Nozad","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Technology Engineering, College of Engineering Technology, Al-Kitab University, Altun Kupri 36001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0962-3453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alkhayyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Marey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7947-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Hashim","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Technology, Imam Ja\u2019afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Abdulateef Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Technology Engineering, Al-Hadbaa University College, Mosul 41002, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.082713.00034","article-title":"Survey of wireless communication technologies for public safety","volume":"2","author":"Baldini","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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