{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:22:18Z","timestamp":1779204138536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"GENIAL! project with funding from the BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ES0865K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ES0865K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"GENIAL! project with funding from the BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["826452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"GENIAL! project with funding from the BMBF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ESE0359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ESE0359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU ECSEL Joint Undertaking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ES0865K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ES0865K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU ECSEL Joint Undertaking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["826452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU ECSEL Joint Undertaking","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16ESE0359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ESE0359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"partners\u2019 national funding authorities BMBF","award":["16ES0865K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ES0865K"]}]},{"name":"partners\u2019 national funding authorities BMBF","award":["826452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["826452"]}]},{"name":"partners\u2019 national funding authorities BMBF","award":["16ESE0359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16ESE0359"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge base construction (KBC) using AI has been one of the key goals of this highly popular technology since its emergence, as it helps to comprehend everything, including relations, around us. The construction of knowledge bases can summarize a piece of text in a machine-processable and understandable way. This can prove to be valuable and assistive to knowledge engineers. In this paper, we present the application of natural language processing in the construction of knowledge bases. We demonstrate how a trained bidirectional long short-term memory or bi-LSTM neural network model can be used to construct knowledge bases in accordance with the exact ISO26262 definitions as defined in the GENIAL! Basic Ontology. We provide the system with an electronic text document from the microelectronics domain and the system attempts to create a knowledge base from the available information in textual format. This information is then expressed in the form of graphs when queried by the user. This method of information retrieval presents the user with a much more technical and comprehensive understanding of an expert piece of text. This is achieved by applying the process of named entity recognition (NER) for knowledge extraction. This paper provides a result report of the current status of our knowledge construction process and knowledge base content, as well as describes our challenges and experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14030176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T01:31:41Z","timestamp":1678411901000},"page":"176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ontology Learning Applications of Knowledge Base Construction for Microelectronic Systems Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Frank","family":"Wawrzik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WG Design of Cyber-Physical System, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5418-5480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khushnood Adil","family":"Rafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WG Design of Cyber-Physical System, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0502-2172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farin","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WG Design of Cyber-Physical System, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5930-7563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Grimm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WG Design of Cyber-Physical System, TU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.09.061","article-title":"Ontology learning methods from text\u2014An extensive knowledge-based approach","volume":"176","year":"2020","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. 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