{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T06:37:02Z","timestamp":1778395022681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Grid Jiangxi Information &amp; Telecommunication Company Project \u201cResearch on de-boundary security protection technology based on zero trust framework\u201d","award":["52183520007V"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52183520007V"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In today\u2019s business environment, reducing costs is crucial due to the variety of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and security infrastructure. However, applying security measures to complex business scenarios can lead to performance degradation, making it a challenging task. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for optimizing cost in multi-party computation software-defined security middle platforms (MPC-SDSmp) in real-time. To accomplish this, we first integrate fragmented security requirements and infrastructure into the MPC-SDSmp cloud model with privacy protection capabilities to reduce deployment costs. By leveraging the power of DRL and cloud computing technology, we enhance the real-time matching and dynamic adaptation capabilities of the security middle platform (Smp). This enables us to generate a real-time scheduling strategy for Smp resources that meet low-cost goals to reduce operating costs. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method not only reduces the costs by 13.6% but also ensures load balancing, improves the quality-of-service (QoS) satisfaction by 18.7%, and reduces the average response time by 34.2%. Moreover, our solution is highly robust and better suited for real-time environments compared to the existing methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14040209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T01:05:26Z","timestamp":1680138326000},"page":"209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Real-Time Cost Optimization Approach Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning in Software-Defined Security Middle Platform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1245-3176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuancheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongtai","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.05.010","article-title":"The internet of things: A survey","volume":"54","author":"Atzori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Xu, Y., and Xiong, C. (2020, January 12\u201314). Research on big data technology and application in internet era. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things Engineering (ICBAIE), Fuzhou, China."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harika, J., Baleeshwar, P., Navya, K., and Shanmugasundaram, H. (2022, January 9\u201311). A review on artificial intelligence with deep human reasoning. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Applied Artificial Intelligence and Computing (ICAAIC), Salem, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAAIC53929.2022.9793310"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/network1030017","article-title":"Energy efficiency for green internet of things (IoT) networks: A survey","volume":"1","author":"Farhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Network"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1712-5","article-title":"A review on smart home present state and challenges: Linked to context-awareness internet of things (IoT)","volume":"25","author":"Almusaylim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, F., Abbasi, R., Mateen, A., Ali Abid, M., and Khan, S. (2022). A step toward next-generation advancements in the internet of things technologies. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208072"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.01.011","article-title":"The world is not flat: Evaluating the inequality in global information gatekeeping through website co-mentions","volume":"117","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Alhaj, A.N., and Dutta, N. (2022). Contemporary Issues in Communication, Cloud and Big Data Analytics: Proceedings of CCB 2020, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, R., Qin, Y., Li, Y., Zhou, X., Fu, J., Li, W., and Shi, J. (2022, January 21\u201323). A software-defined security middle platform architecture. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, Guilin, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3569966.3571178"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Al-Ayyoub, M., Jararweh, Y., Benkhelifa, E., Vouk, M., and Rindos, A. (2015, January 8\u201312). Sdsecurity: A software defined security experimental framework. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW), London, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, S.R., Bari, M.F., Ahmed, R., and Boutaba, R. (2014, January 5\u20139). Payless: A low cost network monitoring framework for software defined networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS), Krakow, Poland.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2014.6838227"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.09.018","article-title":"CeMon: A cost-effective flow monitoring system in software defined networks","volume":"92","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2997651","article-title":"An in-depth analysis of IoT security requirements, challenges, and their countermeasures via software-defined security","volume":"7","author":"Iqbal","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2014.6963800","article-title":"NFV: State of the art, challenges, and implementation in next generation mobile networks (vEPC)","volume":"28","author":"Hawilo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2020.12.003","article-title":"When services computing meets blockchain: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parallel Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.106889","article-title":"SODA: A software-defined security framework for IoT environments","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amin, F., Ahmad, A., and Sang Choi, G.S. (2019). Towards trust and friendliness approaches in the social internet of things. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9010166"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2018.032591612","article-title":"The next grand challenges: Integrating the internet of things and data science","volume":"5","author":"Ranjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"4961","article-title":"Crypten: Secure multi-party computation meets machine learning","volume":"Volume 34","author":"Knott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3052840","article-title":"MPC-CSAS: Multi-party computation for real-time privacy-preserving speed advisory systems","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12021","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3075901","article-title":"A theoretical discussion and survey of network automation for IoT: Challenges and opportunity","volume":"8","author":"Arzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Mateen, A., Hanan, A., and Amin, F. (2022). Advanced security framework for internet of things (IoT). Technologies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies10030060"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Almaiah, M.A., Al-Zahrani, A., Almomani, O., and Alhwaitat, A.K. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain for Future Cybersecurity Applications, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehab, A.H., and Al-Janabi, S.T.F. (2020, January 8\u20139). Microsoft Azure IoT-based edge computing for smart homes. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Application (DASA), Sakheer, Bahrain.","DOI":"10.1109\/DASA51403.2020.9317274"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55112","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2872674","article-title":"DRL-scheduling: An intelligent QoS-aware job scheduling framework for applications in clouds","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, M., and Xing, C. (2015, January 26\u201328). SDSNM: A software-defined security networking mechanism to defend against DDoS attacks. Proceedings of the 2015 ninth international conference on frontier of computer science and technology, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/FCST.2015.27"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2016.7405735","article-title":"SDSA: A framework of a software-defined security architecture","volume":"13","author":"Yanbing","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Moussaid, N., Toumanari, A., and El Azhari, M. (2017, January 8\u201311). Security analysis as software-defined security for SDN environment. Proceedings of the 2017 Fourth International Conference on Software Defined Systems (SDS), Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/SDS.2017.7939146"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., and Qiu, X. (2016, January 23\u201325). A software defined security architecture for SDN-based 5G network. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNIDC.2016.7974528"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liyanage, M., Ahmed, I., Ylianttila, M., Santos, J.L., Kantola, R., Perez, O.L., and Jimenez, C. (2015, January 9\u201311). Security for future software defined mobile networks. Proceedings of the 2015 9th International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Applications, Services and Technologies, Cambridge, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/NGMAST.2015.43"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Luo, S., and Salem, M.B. (2016, January 23\u201327). Orchestration of software-defined security services. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farahmandian, S., and Hoang, D.B. (November, January 30). SDS 2: A novel software-defined security service for protecting cloud computing infrastructure. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2017.8171388"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kaur, S., Kumar, K., Singh, J., and Ghumman, N.S. (2015, January 11\u201313). Round-robin based load balancing in Software Defined Networking. Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compasti\u00e9, M., Badonnel, R., Festor, O., He, R., and Kassi-Lahlou, M. (2018, January 23\u201327). Unikernel-based approach for software-defined security in cloud infrastructures. Proceedings of the NOMS 2018-2018 IEEE\/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS.2018.8406155"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63967","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2870955","article-title":"SSDS: A smart software-defined security mechanism for vehicle-to-grid using transfer learning","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87002","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924800","article-title":"A software-defined security approach for securing field zones in industrial control systems","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compasti\u00e9, M., Badonnel, R., Festor, O., and He, R. (2019, January 24\u201328). A tosca-oriented software-defined security approach for unikernel-based protected clouds. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2019.8806623"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, X., Zhao, Z., Li, R., and Zhang, H. (2017, January 11\u201313). An intelligent honeynet architecture based on software defined security. Proceedings of the 2017 9th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8171066"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3875","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.3875","article-title":"Nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms for solving the load balancing problem in the software-defined network","volume":"32","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Commun. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohanty, S., Priyadarshini, P., Sahoo, S., Sahoo, B., and Sethi, S. (2019, January 17\u201320). Metaheuristic techniques for controller placement in Software-Defined networks. Proceedings of the TENCON 2019-2019 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON), Kochi, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2019.8929265"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.07.205","article-title":"Energy efficient software defined networking algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"40","author":"Masood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2014.2308224","article-title":"Truthful greedy mechanisms for dynamic virtual machine provisioning and allocation in clouds","volume":"26","author":"Nejad","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2022.05.014","article-title":"A tree search heuristic for the resource constrained project scheduling problem with transfer times","volume":"304","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2474406","article-title":"Adaptive dispatching of tasks in the cloud","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Sahoo, K.S., Sahoo, B., Dash, R., and Jena, N. (2016, January 16\u201318). Optimal controller selection in software defined network using a greedy-SA algorithm. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), New Delhi, India."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6584-7_21","article-title":"Detection and Prevention from DDoS Attack Using Software-Defined Security","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Badotra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Progress in Advanced Computing and Intelligent Engineering: Proceedings of ICACIE 2019"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Liyanage, M., Ahmad, I., Okwuibe, J., de Oca, E.M., Mai, H.L., Perez, O.L., and Itzazelaia, M.U. (2018). A Comprehensive Guide to 5G Security, John and Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanc, G., Kheir, N., Ayed, D., Lefebvre, V., de Oca, E.M., and Bisson, P. (2018, January 23\u201326). Towards a 5G security architecture: Articulating software-defined security and security as a service. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/3230833.3233251"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinin, M., Zegzhda, P., Zegzhda, D., Vasiliev, Y., and Belenko, V. (2016, January 19\u201321). Software defined security for vehicular ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju, Republic of Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2016.7763528"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., and Hu, L. (2017, January 12\u201314). A software defined security scheme based on SDN environment. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Cyber-Enabled Distributed Computing and Knowledge Discovery (CyberC), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CyberC.2017.52"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.11.014","article-title":"Towards security automation in software defined networks","volume":"183","author":"Zareei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onyema, E.M., Kumar, M.A., Balasubaramanian, S., Bharany, S., Rehman, A.U., Eldin, E.T., and Shafiq, M. (2022). A security policy protocol for detection and prevention of internet control message protocol attacks in software defined networks. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141911950"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000071","article-title":"An introduction to deep reinforcement learning","volume":"Volume 11","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends\u00ae in Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, P., Islam, R., Bachman, P., Pineau, J., Precup, D., and Meger, D. (2018, January 2\u20137). Deep reinforcement learning that matters. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New Orleans, LA, USA. No. 1.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11694"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236","article-title":"Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning","volume":"518","author":"Mnih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abundo, M., Di Valerio, V., Cardellini, V., and Presti, F.L. (2015, January 11\u201315). QoS-aware bidding strategies for VM spot instances: A reinforcement learning approach applied to periodic long running jobs. Proceedings of the 2015 IFIP\/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/INM.2015.7140276"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2017.2743240","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning: A brief survey","volume":"34","author":"Arulkumaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Mag."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"870","article-title":"Intelligent routing based on reinforcement learning for software-defined networking","volume":"18","author":"Rendon","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102865","article-title":"DRL-R: Deep reinforcement learning approach for intelligent routing in software-defined data-center networks","volume":"177","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174773","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3025432","article-title":"QR-SDN: Towards reinforcement learning states, actions, and rewards for direct flow routing in software-defined networks","volume":"8","author":"Rischke","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, A.O., and Alenazi, M.J. (2021). Designing a network intrusion detection system based on machine learning for software defined networks. Future Internet, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13050111"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102942","article-title":"A GRU deep learning system against attacks in software defined networks","volume":"177","author":"Assis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Albrl: Automatic load-balancing architecture based on reinforcement learning in software-defined networking","volume":"2022","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2571118","article-title":"Wireless software defined networking: A survey and taxonomy","volume":"18","author":"Haque","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2019.106984","article-title":"5G network slicing using SDN and NFV: A survey of taxonomy, architectures and future challenges","volume":"167","author":"Barakabitze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.004","article-title":"Cost minimization for computational applications on hybrid cloud infrastructures","volume":"29","author":"Malawski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.06.014","article-title":"Solving the dynamic weapon target assignment problem by an improved artificial bee colony algorithm with heuristic factor initialization","volume":"70","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/4\/209\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:06:08Z","timestamp":1760123168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/4\/209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info14040209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14040209","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]}}}