{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:02:41Z","timestamp":1760148161383,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jeffress Memorial Trust"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a multi-material dual \u201ccontouring\u201d method used to convert a digital 3D voxel-based atlas of basal ganglia to a deformable discrete multi-surface model that supports surgical navigation for an intraoperative MRI-compatible surgical robot, featuring fast intraoperative deformation computation. It is vital that the final surface model maintain shared boundaries where appropriate so that even as the deep-brain model deforms to reflect intraoperative changes encoded in ioMRI, the subthalamic nucleus stays in contact with the substantia nigra, for example, while still providing a significantly sparser representation than the original volumetric atlas consisting of hundreds of millions of voxels. The dual contouring (DC) algorithm is a grid-based process used to generate surface meshes from volumetric data. The DC method enables the insertion of vertices anywhere inside the grid cube, as opposed to the marching cubes (MC) algorithm, which can insert vertices only on the grid edges. This multi-material DC method is then applied to initialize, by duality, a deformable multi-surface simplex model, which can be used for multi-surface atlas-based segmentation. We demonstrate our proposed method on synthetic and deep-brain atlas data, and a comparison of our method\u2019s results with those of traditional DC demonstrates its effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14040220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T01:35:59Z","timestamp":1680572159000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atlas-Based Shared-Boundary Deformable Multi-Surface Models through Multi-Material and Two-Manifold Dual Contouring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tanweer","family":"Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimage Analytics Laboratory, Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer\u2019s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3125-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharmin","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Sciences and Technology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mallar","family":"Chakravarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Imaging Centre, Douglas Research Centre, Montr\u00e9al, QC H4H 1R3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel Albert","family":"Audette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.100.3.0541","article-title":"Determining the position and size of the subthalamic nucleus based on magnetic resonance imaging results in patients with advanced Parkinson disease","volume":"100","author":"Richter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0140-17.2017","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0140-17.2017","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: Basic concepts and novel perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Hamani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.2.1.315","article-title":"Current methods in medical image segmentation","volume":"2","author":"Pham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2017.07.005","article-title":"A survey on deep learning in medical image analysis","volume":"42","author":"Litjens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2693182","article-title":"MRI-based Medial Axis Extraction and Boundary Segmentation of Cranial Nerves through Discrete Deformable 3D Contour and Surface Models","volume":"36","author":"Sultana","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2010.01.006","article-title":"Musculoskeletal MRI segmentation using multi-resolution simplex meshes with medial representations","volume":"14","author":"Gilles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37422","article-title":"Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm","volume":"21","author":"Lorensen","year":"1987","journal-title":"ACM Siggraph Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ju, T., Losasso, F., Schaefer, S., and Warren, J. (2002). Dual contouring of hermite data. ACM Trans. Graph. (TOG), 339\u2013346. Available online: https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/6fb3\/c8bd1d6f3d11f86e1863e9dd861ac128e964.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(99)00076-X","article-title":"Regularised marching tetrahedra: Improved iso-surface extraction","volume":"23","author":"Treece","year":"1999","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Szeliski, R., Tonnesen, D., and Terzopoulos, D. (1993). Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Proceedings of the CVPR\u201993, 1993 IEEE Computer Society Conference, New York, NY, USA, 15\u201318 June 1993, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"de Figueiredo, L.H., Gomes, J., Terzopoulos, D., and Velho, L. (1992, January 11\u201315). Physically-based methods for polygonization of implicit surfaces. Proceedings of the Graphics Interface, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bloomenthal, J., and Ferguson, K. (1995, January 6\u201311). Polygonization of non-manifold implicit surfaces. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218462"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hege, H.-C., Stalling, D., Seebass, M., and Z\u00f6ckler, M. (1997). A Generalized Marching Cubes Algorithm Based on Non-Binary, Citeseer."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2003.1260744","article-title":"Material interface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Bonnell","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.775","article-title":"Multiple material marching cubes algorithm","volume":"58","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Reitinger, B., Bornik, A., and Beichel, R. (February, January 31). Constructing smooth non-manifold meshes of multi-labeled volumetric datasets. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision 2005 in Co-Operation with EUROGRAPHICS, Plzen, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Bertram, M., Reis, G., van Lengen, R.H., K\u00f6hn, S., and Hagen, H. (2005, January 1\u20133). Non-manifold Mesh Extraction from Time-varying Segmented Volumes used for Modeling a Human Heart. Proceedings of the EuroVis 2005, Leeds, UK."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Bischoff, S., and Kobbelt, L. (2006). Bildverarbeitung F\u00fcr Die Medizin, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmod.2005.01.004","article-title":"Provably good sampling and meshing of surfaces","volume":"67","author":"Boissonnat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Oudot, S., Rineau, L., and Yvinec, M. (2005, January 11\u201314). Meshing volumes bounded by smooth surfaces. Proceedings of the 14th International Meshing Roundtable, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pons, J.-P., S\u00e9gonne, E., Boissonnat, J.D., Rineau, L., Yvinec, M., and Keriven, R. (2007, January 2\u20136). High-quality consistent meshing of multi-label datasets. Proceedings of the Biennial International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging, Kerkrade, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73273-0_17"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2012.07.022","article-title":"Resolving topology ambiguity for multiple-material domains","volume":"247","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2007.70543","article-title":"Construction of simplified boundary surfaces from serial-sectioned metal micrographs","volume":"13","author":"Dillard","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2008.154","article-title":"Particle-based sampling and meshing of surfaces in multimaterial volumes","volume":"14","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vis. Comput. Graph. IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.09.008","article-title":"2-manifold surface meshing using dual contouring with tetrahedral decomposition","volume":"102","author":"Rashid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Softw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80099-5","article-title":"Establishing a normative atlas of the human lung: Intersubject warping and registration of volumetric CT images","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.809139","article-title":"Construction of an abdominal probabilistic atlas and its application in segmentation","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Imaging IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2005.851757","article-title":"Toward automated segmentation of the pathological lung in CT","volume":"24","author":"Sluimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Imaging IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2198588","article-title":"Atlas-based identification of targets for functional radiosurgery","volume":"33","author":"Stancanello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2008.2011480","article-title":"Multi-atlas-based segmentation with local decision fusion\u2014Application to cardiac and aortic segmentation in CT scans","volume":"28","author":"Isgum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Imaging IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.830803","article-title":"Performance-based classifier combination in atlas-based image segmentation using expectation-maximization parameter estimation","volume":"23","author":"Rohlfing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Imaging IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2014372","article-title":"Combination strategies in multi-atlas image segmentation: Application to brain MR data","volume":"28","author":"Artaechevarria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Imaging IEEE Trans."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sederberg, T.W., and Parry, S.R. (1986). Free-form deformation of solid geometric models. ACM Siggraph Comput. Graph., 151\u2013160.","DOI":"10.1145\/15886.15903"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terzopoulos, D., Platt, J., Barr, A., and Fleischer, K. (1987). Elastically deformable models. ACM Siggraph Comput. Graph., 205\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37427"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2004.11.002","article-title":"Real-time deformable models for surgery simulation: A survey","volume":"77","author":"Meier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes: Active contour models","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1995.1004","article-title":"Active shape models-their training and application","volume":"61","author":"Cootes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008157432188","article-title":"General object reconstruction based on simplex meshes","volume":"32","author":"Delingette","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Delingette, H. (1994). Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Proceedings of the CVPR\u201994, 1994 IEEE Computer Society Conference, Seattle, WS, USA, 16\u201318 May 1994, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Delingette, H. (1994). Mod\u00e9lisation, D\u00e9formation et Reconnaissance D\u2019objets Tridimensionnels \u00e0 L\u2019aide de Maillages Simplexes, Ecole Centrale Paris."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Montagnat, J., and Delingette, H. (1997). CVRMed-MRCAS\u201997, Springer."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Gilles, B., Moccozet, L., and Magnenat-Thalmann, N. (2006). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2006, Springer."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Schmid, J., and Magnenat-Thalmann, N. (2008). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2008, Springer."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-010-0532-0","article-title":"A GPU framework for parallel segmentation of volumetric images using discrete deformable models","volume":"27","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmid, J., Sandholm, A., Chung, F., Thalmann, D., Delingette, H., and Magnenat-Thalmann, N. (2009). Recent Advances in the 3D Physiological Human, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-565-9_1"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Montagnat, J., and Delingette, H. (2000). Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention\u2013MICCAI 2000, Springer."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2004.06.025","article-title":"4D deformable models with temporal constraints: Application to 4D cardiac image segmentation","volume":"9","author":"Montagnat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(02)00184-8","article-title":"Anisotropic filtering for model-based segmentation of 4D cylindrical echocardiographic images","volume":"24","author":"Montagnat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Cremers, D., Schnorr, C., and Weickert, J. (2001). Variational and Level Set Methods in Computer Vision, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Variational and Level Set Methods in Computer Vision, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 13 July 2001, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Cremers, D., Schn\u00f6rr, C., Weickert, J., and Schellewald, C. (2000). Algebraic Frames for the Perception-Action Cycle, Springer."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020826424915","article-title":"Diffusion snakes: Introducing statistical shape knowledge into the Mumford-Shah functional","volume":"50","author":"Cremers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-014-1094-9","article-title":"3D lumbar spine intervertebral disc segmentation and compression simulation from MRI using shape-aware models","volume":"10","author":"Haq","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Haq, R., Besachio, D.A., Borgie, R.C., and Audette, M.A. (2014). Pattern Recognition (ICPR), Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Stockholm, Sweden, 24\u201328 August 2014, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Haq, R., Cates, J.E., Besachio, D.A., Borgie, R.C., and Audette, M.A. (2015). International Workshop on Computational Methods and Clinical Applications for Spine Imaging, Springer."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sultana, S., Blatt, J.E., Lee, Y., Ewend, M., Cetas, J., Costa, A., and Audette, M.A. (2015). Workshop on Clinical Image-Based Procedures, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Golub, G.H., and Van Loan, C.F. (1989). Johns Hopkins Series in the Mathematical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobbelt, L.P., Botsch, M., Schwanecke, U., and Seidel, H.P. (2001, January 12\u201317). Feature sensitive surface extraction from volume data. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383265"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindstrom, P. (2000, January 23\u201328). Out-of-core simplification of large polygonal models. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.344912"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2012.01.004","article-title":"Dual Contouring for domains with topology ambiguity","volume":"217\u2013220","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Sohn, B.-S. (2007). Computational Science\u2013ICCS 2007, Springer."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"CGAL Editorial Board (2018). The CGAL Project, CGAL User and Reference Manual, CGAL Editorial Board. [4.13 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Cignoni, P., Callieri, M., Corsini, M., Dellepiane, M., Ganovelli, F., and Ranzuglia, G. (2008, January 2\u20134). Meshlab: An open-source mesh processing tool. Proceedings of the Eurographics Italian Chapter Conference, Salerno, Italy."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Shewchuk, J. (2002). What is a Good Linear Finite Element? Interpolation, Conditioning, Anisotropy, and Quality Measures (Preprint), University of California at Berkeley."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.041","article-title":"The creation of a brain atlas for image guided neurosurgery using serial histological data","volume":"30","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"267","article-title":"A survey of unstructured mesh generation technology","volume":"239","author":"Owen","year":"1998","journal-title":"IMR"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/2629697","article-title":"TetGen, a Delaunay-based quality tetrahedral mesh generator","volume":"41","author":"Si","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw. (TOMS)"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"CGAL Editorial Board (2016). The CGAL Project, CGAL User and Reference Manual, CGAL Editorial Board. [4.9 ed.]."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1885-5","article-title":"Optimal MRI methods for direct stereotactic targeting of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus","volume":"21","author":"Shmueli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Wang, B.T., Poirier, S., Guo, T., Parrent, A.G., Peters, T.M., and Khan, A.R. (2016). SPIE Medical Imaging, International Society for Optics and Photonics."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapp, A., Payer, C., Schmid, J., Polanco, M., Kumi, I., Bawab, S., Ringleb, S., St. Remy, C., Bennett, J., and Kakar, R.S. (2021). Generation of Patient-Specific, Ligamentoskeletal, Finite Element Meshes for Scoliosis Correction Planning. CLIP\/DCL\/LL-COVID19\/PPML@MICCAI 2021, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-90874-4_2"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2019.2905157","article-title":"Making Sense of Spatio-Temporal Preserving Representations for EEG-Based Human Intention Recognition","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2647904","article-title":"An Adaptive Semisupervised Feature Analysis for Video Semantic Recognition","volume":"48","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Sultana, S., Agrawal, P., Elhabian, S.Y., Whitaker, R.T., Rashid, T., Blatt, J.E., Cetas, J.S., and Audette, M.A. (2016). Workshop on Clinical Image-Based Procedures, Springer."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22187","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility map reconstruction from MR phase data using bayesian regularization: Validation and application to brain imaging","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13121991","article-title":"I Improved subthalamic nucleus depiction with quantitative susceptibility mapping","volume":"269","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25358","article-title":"Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM): Decoding MRI data for a tissue magnetic biomarker","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.02.006","article-title":"Multicontrast multiecho FLASH MRI for targeting the subthalamic nucleus","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Cardoso, M.J., Arbel, T., Tavares, J.M.R.S., Aylward, S., Li, S., Boctor, E., Fichtinger, G., Cleary, K., Freeman, K.B., and Kohli, L. (2017). Deformable Multi-Material 2-Simplex Surface Mesh for Intraoperative MRI-Ready Surgery Planning and Simulation, with Deep-Brain Stimulation Applications, Springer. MICCAI BIVPCS\/POCUS-2017. LNCS."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/4\/220\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:09:27Z","timestamp":1760123367000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/4\/220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["info14040220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14040220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]}}}