{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:34:33Z","timestamp":1775705673279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62002315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62273124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["jg20220384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["jg20220384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201c14th Five Year Plan\u201d Teaching Reform Project of Zhejiang Province\u2019s Tertiary Education, China","award":["62002315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002315"]}]},{"name":"\u201c14th Five Year Plan\u201d Teaching Reform Project of Zhejiang Province\u2019s Tertiary Education, China","award":["62273124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273124"]}]},{"name":"\u201c14th Five Year Plan\u201d Teaching Reform Project of Zhejiang Province\u2019s Tertiary Education, China","award":["jg20220384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["jg20220384"]}]},{"name":"\u201c13th Five Year Plan\u201d Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Project of Zhejiang Province\u2019s Universities entitled Virtual Simulation Experiment for Programming Design in Cyber-Physical Space, China","award":["62002315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002315"]}]},{"name":"\u201c13th Five Year Plan\u201d Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Project of Zhejiang Province\u2019s Universities entitled Virtual Simulation Experiment for Programming Design in Cyber-Physical Space, China","award":["62273124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273124"]}]},{"name":"\u201c13th Five Year Plan\u201d Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Project of Zhejiang Province\u2019s Universities entitled Virtual Simulation Experiment for Programming Design in Cyber-Physical Space, China","award":["jg20220384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["jg20220384"]}]},{"name":"Industry-University Collaborative Education Project of Zhejiang Province entitled Research on New Engineering Information Technology Talent Training Model in the Era of Artificial Intelligence, China","award":["62002315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62002315"]}]},{"name":"Industry-University Collaborative Education Project of Zhejiang Province entitled Research on New Engineering Information Technology Talent Training Model in the Era of Artificial Intelligence, China","award":["62273124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62273124"]}]},{"name":"Industry-University Collaborative Education Project of Zhejiang Province entitled Research on New Engineering Information Technology Talent Training Model in the Era of Artificial Intelligence, China","award":["jg20220384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["jg20220384"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reform of tertiary education teaching promotes teachers to adjust timely teaching plans based on students\u2019 learning feedback in order to improve teaching performance. Thefore, learning score prediction is a key issue in process of the reform of tertiary education teaching. With the development of information and management technologies, a lot of teaching data are generated as the scale of online and offline education expands. However, a teacher or educator does not have a comprehensive dataset in practice, which challenges his\/her ability to predict the students\u2019 learning performance from the individual\u2019s viewpoint. How to overcome the drawbacks of small samples is an open issue. To this end, it is desirable that an effective artificial intelligent tool is designed to help teachers or educators predict students\u2019 scores well. We propose a boosting and decision-tree-regression-based score prediction (BDTR-SP) model, which relies on an ensemble learning structure with base learners of decision tree regression (DTR) to improve the prediction accuracy. Experiments on small samples are conducted to examine the important features that affect students\u2019 scores. The results show that the proposed model has advantages over its peer in terms of prediction correctness. Moreover, the predicted results are consistent with the actual facts implied in the original dataset. The proposed BDTR-SP method aids teachers and students to predict students\u2019 performance in the on-going courses in order to adjust the teaching and learning strategies, plans and practices in advance, enhancing the teaching and learning quality. Therefore, the integration of information technology and artificial intelligence into teaching and learning practices is able to push forward the reform of tertiary education teaching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14060317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T07:21:51Z","timestamp":1685517711000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Intelligent Boosting and Decision-Tree-Regression-Based Score Prediction (BDTR-SP) Method in the Reform of Tertiary Education Teaching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Management, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of IoT and Information Fusion Technology, School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310005, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1076-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuang","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Management, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Dongjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Management, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Management, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Management, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Research on Students\u2019 Learning Behavior in Smart Classroom Teaching Mode","volume":"483","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"China Educ. 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