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A system adaptation pipeline is designed to enable the integration of different AI-based tools in the FL system, while FL training is conducted under realistic conditions using a distributed hardware infrastructure. The suggested pipeline and FL system\u2019s robustness are tested against challenges related to tool deployment, data heterogeneity, and privacy attacks for multiple tasks and data types. A representative set of AI-based tools and related datasets have been selected to cover several validation cases and distributed to each edge device to closely reflect real-world scenarios. The study presents significant outcomes of the experiments and analyzes the models\u2019 performance under different realistic FL conditions, while highlighting potential limitations and issues that occurred during the FL process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14060342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1686905761000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fostering Trustworthiness of Federated Learning Ecosystem through Realistic Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6896-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Psaltis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9496-6329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassiani","family":"Zafeirouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-051X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Le\u0161kovsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicomtech Foundation, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6122-4161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula","family":"Bourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Synelixis Solutions S.A., 34100 Chalkida, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Camilo","family":"V\u00e1squez-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicomtech Foundation, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9882-7521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Garc\u00eda-Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicomtech Foundation, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0838-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Cerezo S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vicomtech Foundation, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2763-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Dimou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charalampos Z.","family":"Patrikakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 12241 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3814-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petros","family":"Daras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Huang, A., Luo, Y., Huang, H., Liu, Y., Chen, Y., Feng, L., Chen, T., Yu, H., and Yang, Q. 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