{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:43:06Z","timestamp":1785786186725,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"the German Research Foundation (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK 2167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK 2167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant attention has been paid to enhancing recommender systems (RS) with explanation facilities to help users make informed decisions and increase trust in and satisfaction with an RS. Justification and transparency represent two crucial goals in explainable recommendations. Different from transparency, which faithfully exposes the reasoning behind the recommendation mechanism, justification conveys a conceptual model that may differ from that of the underlying algorithm. An explanation is an answer to a question. In explainable recommendation, a user would want to ask questions (referred to as intelligibility types) to understand the results given by an RS. In this paper, we identify relationships between Why and How explanation intelligibility types and the explanation goals of justification and transparency. We followed the Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach and leveraged the What\u2013Why\u2013How visualization framework to systematically design and implement Why and How visual explanations in the transparent Recommendation and Interest Modeling Application (RIMA). Furthermore, we conducted a qualitative user study (N = 12) based on a thematic analysis of think-aloud sessions and semi-structured interviews with students and researchers to investigate the potential effects of providing Why and How explanations together in an explainable RS on users\u2019 perceptions regarding transparency, trust, and satisfaction. Our study shows qualitative evidence confirming that the choice of the explanation intelligibility types depends on the explanation goal and user type.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14070401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T08:40:06Z","timestamp":1689324006000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Justification vs. Transparency: Why and How Visual Explanations in a Scientific Literature Recommender System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4105-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mouadh","family":"Guesmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Amine","family":"Chatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4591-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoeb","family":"Joarder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2691-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qurat Ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0480-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Siepmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Ghanbarzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2192-028X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawaa","family":"Alatrash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Computing Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Tintarev, N., and Masthoff, J. 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