{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T06:43:29Z","timestamp":1774766609608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)","award":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)","award":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"]}]},{"name":"Spanish State Research Agency (AEI)","award":["PRX22\/00503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00503"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PRX22\/00503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00503"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003508","name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003508","name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003508","name":"Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRX22\/00503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002847","name":"Spanish Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-126823OB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002847","name":"Spanish Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UV-INV-EPDI-2647726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002847","name":"Spanish Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRX22\/00503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRX22\/00503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase and diversity of low-cost air quality (AQ) sensors, as well as their flexibility and low power consumption, offers us the opportunity to integrate them into broad AQ wireless sensor networks, with the aim of enabling real-time monitoring and higher spatial sampling density of pollution in all parts of cities. Considering that the vast majority of the population lives in cities and the increase in respiratory\/allergic problems in a large part of the population, it is of great interest to offer services and applications to improve their quality of life by avoiding pollution exposure in their movements in the open air. In the ECO4RUPA project, we focus on this kind of service, proposing an inclusive and intelligent routing ecosystem carried out using a network of low-cost AQ sensors with the support of 5G communications along with official AQ monitoring stations, using spatial interpolation techniques to enhance its spatial resolution. The goal of this service is to calculate healthy walking and\/or cycling routes according to the particular citizen\u2019s profile and needs. We provide and analyse the results of the proposed route planner under different scenarios (different timetables, congestion road traffic, and routes) and different user profiles, with a special interest in citizens with asthma and pregnant women, since both have special needs. In summary, our approach can lead to an approximately average reduction in pollution exposure of 17.82% while experiencing an approximately average increase in distance travelled of 9.8%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14080445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:38:59Z","timestamp":1691498339000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["ECO4RUPA: 5G-IoT Inclusive and Intelligent Routing Ecosystem with Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2787-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Fayos-Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Araiz-Chapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, ETSE, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8703-8575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Felici-Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, ETSE, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9138-5465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"Segura-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, ETSE, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8584-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Perez-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, ETSE, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2654-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose M.","family":"Alcaraz-Calero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Adair-Rohani, H. (2023, February 27). Air Pollution Responsible for 6.7 Million Deaths Every Year. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/environment-climate-change-and-health\/air-quality-and-health\/health-impacts\/types-of-pollutants."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Eurostat: Statistics Explained (2023, May 22). Respiratory Diseases Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/statistics-explained\/index.php?title=Respiratory_diseases_statistics#Deaths_from_diseases_of_the_respiratory_system."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"BBC News (2023, May 23). Air Pollution News. Available online: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-46017339."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Respiratory allergies: A general overview of remedies, delivery systems, and the need to progress","volume":"1","author":"Molinari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"212","article-title":"Impact of air pollution in respiratory allergic diseases","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-291-2018","article-title":"A machine learning calibration model using random forests to improve sensor performance for lower-cost air quality monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/LSENS.2022.3168291","article-title":"Few-Shot Calibration of Low-Cost Air Pollution (PM2.5) Sensors Using Meta Learning","volume":"6","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2010). Air Quality -Determination of Time-Averaged Mass Emissions and Emission Factors\u2014General Approach (Standard No. ISO 11771:2010). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2019). Sustainable Cities and Communities\u2014Indicators for Smart Cities. TC268 Sustainable Cities and Communities (Standard No. ISO 37122:2019). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"FAO (2008). Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. Off. J. Eur. Commun., L 152, 1\u201344."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Conselleria d\u2019Agricultura, Desenvolupament Rural, Emerg\u00e8ncia Clim\u00e0tica i Transici\u00f3 Ecol\u00f2gica (2023, May 27). Red Valenciana de Vigilancia y Control de la Contaminaci\u00f3n Atmosf\u00e9rica. Available online: https:\/\/agroambient.gva.es\/va\/web\/calidad-ambiental\/datos-on-line."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2023, May 21). Ajuntament de Valencia, Minut a Minut. Estaciones Contaminaci\u00f3n Atmosf\u00e9ricas. Available online: https:\/\/valencia.opendatasoft.com\/explore\/dataset\/estacions-contaminacio-atmosferiques-estaciones-contaminacion-atmosfericas\/table\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"aqicn.org Project (2023, February 27). World Air Quality Index Project. Available online: https:\/\/aqicn.org\/."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Winsen, Ltd. (2023, March 20). Air Quality Sensor zphs01b. Available online: https:\/\/www.winsen-sensor.com\/d\/files\/zphs01b-english-version1_1-20200713.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2023, February 28). Kunak Tech., Calidad del Aire Urbano: Informaci\u00f3n Ambiental y Par\u00e1metros meteorol\u00f3gicos en Entornos Urbanos. Available online: https:\/\/www.kunak.es\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Oizom, Ltd. (2023, February 28). Accurate and Affordable Air Quality Monitoring Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/oizom.com."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Nova Fitness Co., Ltd. (2023, April 27). Air Quality Sensor SDS011. Available online: https:\/\/cdn-reichelt.de\/documents\/datenblatt\/X200\/SDS011-DATASHEET.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"DecentLab, Ltd. (2023, April 27). Air Quality Sensor DL-LP8P. Available online: https:\/\/www.catsensors.com\/media\/Decentlab\/Productos\/Decentlab-DL-LP8P-datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"SGX, SensorTech (2023, May 21). Air Quality Sensor MiCS-6814. Available online: https:\/\/www.sgxsensortech.com\/content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/1143_Datasheet-MiCS-6814-rev-8.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2023, August 02). CEN, CEN\/TS 17660-1 Air Quality\u2014Performance Evaluation of air Quality Sensor Systems\u2014Part 1: Gaseous Pollutants in Ambient Air. Available online: https:\/\/www.boutique.afnor.org\/engb\/standard\/din-cen-ts-176601\/air-quality-performance-evaluation-of-air-quality-sensor-systemspart-1-gas\/eu174644\/322334."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2022.2085734","article-title":"Review of low-cost sensors for indoor air quality: Features and applications","volume":"57","author":"Branco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rothkrantz, L. (2020, January 25). Multi parameter routing in air polluted urban areas. Proceedings of the 2020 Smart City Symposium Prague (SCSP), Prague, Czech Republic.","DOI":"10.1109\/SCSP49987.2020.9133887"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Steeneveld, G., Vreugdenhil, L., van der Molen, M., and Ligtenberg, A. (2017, January 4\u20138). Towards a Healthy Urban Route Planner for cyclists and pedestrians in Amsterdam. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting European Meteorological Society, Dublin, Ireland. EMS2017-305."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"RIVM Institute (2023, May 27). Environmental Health Atlas\u2014Explore and Discover Your Living Environment. Available online: https:\/\/www.atlasleefomgeving.nl\/en."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvear, O., Zamora, W., Calafate, C.T., Cano, J.C., and Manzoni, P. (2016, January 21\u201324). EcoSensor: Monitoring environmental pollution using mobile sensors. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE 17th International Symposium on A World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), Coimbra, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2016.7523519"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5121\/ijwmn.2010.2203","article-title":"A Wireless Sensor Network Air Pollution Monitoring System","volume":"2","author":"Khedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Netw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, S., and Voisard, A. (2015, January 3\u20136). Air Quality Adjusted Routing for Cyclists and Pedestrians. Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on the Use of GIS in Emergency Management (EM-GIS \u201915), Bellevue, WA, USA. EM-GIS \u201915.","DOI":"10.1145\/2835596.2835609"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vamshi, B., and Prasad, R.V. (2018, January 5\u20138). Dynamic route planning framework for minimal air pollution exposure in urban road transportation systems. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2018.8355209"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147718795351","article-title":"Maximizing spatial\u2013temporal coverage in mobile crowd-sensing based on public transports with predictable trajectory","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2020.3002253","article-title":"Collaborative Learning of Communication Routes in Edge-Enabled Multi-Access Vehicular Environment","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Google (2023, February 27). Google Maps. Available online: https:\/\/google.maps\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"AntsRoute (2023, February 27). The Solution for Planning Last-Mile Route of Field Workforce. Available online: https:\/\/antsroute.com\/en."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Here (2023, February 27). Our Mission Is to Enable a Digital Representation of Reality to Radically Improve the Way the World Moves, Lives and Interacts. Available online: https:\/\/www.here.com\/."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Espressif Systems (2023, January 28). ESP32 System-on-Chip. Available online: https:\/\/www.espressif.com\/en\/products\/socs\/esp32."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Pycom.io (2022, December 28). Fipy, Five Network Development Board for IoT. Available online: https:\/\/pycom.io\/product\/fipy\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2015.02.022","article-title":"Modelling PM2.5 impact indicators in Europe: Health effects and legal compliance","volume":"74","author":"Kiesewetter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"111","article-title":"Contaminaci\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica efectos en la salud respiratoria en el ni\u00f1o","volume":"28","author":"Ubilla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. M\u00e9d. Cl\u00edn. Condes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orellano, P., Quaranta, N., Reynoso, J., Balbi, B., and Vasquez, J. (2017). Effect of outdoor air pollution on asthma exacerbations in children and adults: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174050"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"31","article-title":"Contaminaci\u00f3n atmosf\u00e9rica y efectos respiratorios en ni\u00f1os, en mujeres embarazadas y en adultos mayores","volume":"11","author":"Vargas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. UDCA Actual. Divulg. Cient\u00edfica"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Bienestar, O. (2023, June 15). La Exposici\u00f3n Al Di\u00f3xido de Nitr\u00f3geno Durante El Embarazo perjudica La Capacidad de Atenci\u00f3n de los Ni\u00f1os. Available online: https:\/\/www.atresmedia.com\/objetivo-bienestar\/actualidad\/exposicion-dioxido-nitrogeno-embarazo-perjudica-capacidad-atencion-ninos_20170803598433970cf2c0f4136d712c.html."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"ISGlobal (2023, June 15). La Exposici\u00f3n a la Contaminaci\u00f3n Atmosf\u00e9rica Durante el Embarazo Tambi\u00e9n Perjudica a la Capacidad de Atenci\u00f3n en la Infancia. Available online: http:\/\/bit.ly\/exposicion-a-contaminacion-atmosferica-durante-embarazo."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Isaaks, E.H., and Srivastava, R.M. (1989). An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cressie, N. (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data, John Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119115151"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"OSM Contributors (2023, May 27). Open Street Map. Available online: https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.004","article-title":"OSMnx: New methods for acquiring, constructing, analyzing, and visualizing complex street networks","volume":"65","author":"Boeing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12467","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3063520","article-title":"5G IoT System for Real-Time Psycho-Acoustic Soundscape Monitoring in Smart Cities With Dynamic Computational Offloading to the Edge","volume":"8","author":"Calero","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/8\/445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:27:22Z","timestamp":1760128042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/8\/445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}},"alternative-id":["info14080445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14080445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]}}}