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To enable this interaction, external human\u2013machine interfaces (eHMIs) have been shown to have major benefits regarding the trust and acceptance of CAVs in multiple studies. However, a harmonization of eHMI signals seems to be necessary since the developed signals are extremely varied and sometimes even contradict each other. Therefore, the present paper proposes guidelines for designing eHMI signals, taking into account important factors such as how and in which situations a CAV needs to communicate with ORU. The authors propose 17 heuristics, the so-called eHMI-principles, as requirements for the safe and efficient use of eHMIs in a systematic and application-oriented manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14080463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T09:13:44Z","timestamp":1692350024000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Principles for External Human\u2013Machine Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7550-8613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Wilbrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Transportation Systems, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2291-022X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Cieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continental Automotive Technologies GmbH, Software and Central Technologies, 64832 Babenhausen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Sebastian L.","family":"Wei\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Continental Automotive Technologies GmbH, Software and Central Technologies, 64832 Babenhausen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1898-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Beggiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Cognitive and Engineering Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09120 Chemnitz, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8390-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Joisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9649-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Feierle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0871-2286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Oehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Transportation Systems, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.07.019","article-title":"\u201cWhat Makes a Cooperative Driver?\u201d Identifying parameters of implicit and explicit forms of communication in a lane change scenario","volume":"58","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. 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