{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T09:21:49Z","timestamp":1774603309928,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006378","name":"Hibah Publikasi Terindeks Internasional (PUTI) Q2 Scheme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKB-701\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKB-701\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the WHO\u2019s strategies to reduce road traffic injuries and fatalities is to enhance vehicle safety. Driving fatigue detection can be used to increase vehicle safety. Our previous study developed an ECG-based driving fatigue detection framework with AdaBoost, producing a high cross-validated accuracy of 98.82% and a testing accuracy of 81.82%; however, the study did not consider the driver\u2019s cognitive state related to fatigue and redundant features in the classification model. In this paper, we propose developments in the feature extraction and feature selection phases in the driving fatigue detection framework. For feature extraction, we employ heart rate fragmentation to extract non-linear features to analyze the driver\u2019s cognitive status. These features are combined with features obtained from heart rate variability analysis in the time, frequency, and non-linear domains. In feature selection, we employ mutual information to filter redundant features. To find the number of selected features with the best model performance, we carried out 28 combination experiments consisting of 7 possible selected features out of 58 features and 4 ensemble learnings. The results of the experiments show that the random forest algorithm with 44 selected features produced the best model performance testing accuracy of 95.45%, with cross-validated accuracy of 98.65%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14100539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T11:56:49Z","timestamp":1696247809000},"page":"539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["ECG-Based Driving Fatigue Detection Using Heart Rate Variability Analysis with Mutual Information"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Junartho","family":"Halomoan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0374-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalamullah","family":"Ramli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8062-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dodi","family":"Sudiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3345-4669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teddy Surya","family":"Gunawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2021.01.004","article-title":"Future of road safety and SDG 3.6 goals in six Indian cities","volume":"45","author":"Mohan","year":"2021","journal-title":"IATSS Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"A critical review on driver fatigue detection and monitoring system","volume":"1","author":"Ani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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