{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:27:42Z","timestamp":1780345662423,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regulatory authorities, consumers, and producers alike are alarmed by the issue of food safety, which is a matter of international concern. The conventional approaches utilized in food quality management demonstrate deficiencies in their capacity to sufficiently address issues related to traceability, transparency, and accountability. The emergence of blockchain technology (BCT) has provided a feasible approach to tackle the challenge of regulating food safety. This research paper presents a methodology for implementing blockchain technology to establish risk traceability in the context of monitoring, tracing, and authenticating agricultural products. The proposed system underwent a comprehensive evaluation, which placed significant emphasis on simulation parameters and assessment standards. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the system through the assessment of various quantitative metrics, including throughput, latency, and resource utilization. The Hyperledger Fabric and Hyperledger Caliper were employed in the formulation and assessment of algorithms intended for agricultural supply chain management. The configuration comprising two entities and two peers achieved the highest write throughput (205.87 transactions per second; TPS), thereby demonstrating the network\u2019s effective transaction processing capability. In a two-organization, two-peer system, the mean latency for read operations exhibited variability spanning from 0.037 to 0.061 s, contingent upon the transaction rates and accounting for the duration needed for network processing and validation. The results were visually depicted, offering a distinct demonstration of the system\u2019s efficacy under various conditions. This study presents a quantitative analysis that illustrates the efficacy of the blockchain system in enhancing the traceability of agricultural products across the entire supply chain. The results of this research suggest that the implementation of blockchain technology could potentially enhance both the security and efficacy of food supply management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info14110613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T10:57:46Z","timestamp":1700045866000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An Approach for Risk Traceability Using Blockchain Technology for Tracking, Tracing, and Authenticating Food Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Urvashi","family":"Sugandh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2629-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swati","family":"Nigam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computing, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manju","family":"Khari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Data Science, Institute for Energy Technology, 1777 Halden, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wang, P., Yang, S., and Li, T. (2021, January 17\u201319). BCT in food safety governance, in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. Proceedings of the ICEME 2021: The 2021 12th International Conference on E-Business, Management and Economics, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1858752","article-title":"Application of blockchain technology in food safety control: Current trends and future prospects","volume":"62","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"101093","article-title":"Can blockchain help food supply chains with platform operations during the COVID-19 outbreak? Electron. Commer","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127044","article-title":"Public cognition of the application of blockchain in food safety management\u2014Data from China\u2019s Zhihu platform","volume":"303","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122193","article-title":"Technology assessment of blockchain-based technologies in the food supply chain","volume":"269","author":"Pizzol","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10883","article-title":"On the benefits and challenges of blockchains for managing food supply chains","volume":"101","author":"Katsikouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-5341-7_56","article-title":"Ensuring Food Safety through Blockchain","volume":"Volume 668","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Electrical Engi-neering"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2021.1939902","article-title":"Blockchain adoption in food supply chains: A review and implementation framework","volume":"34","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Hilton, B., Burks, Z., and Reyes, J. (2018, January 1\u20133). Integrating Blockchain, Smart Contract-Tokens, and IoT to Design a Food Traceability Solution. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference, IEMCON, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2018.8615007"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AKrishna, V.P., Srinaga, A.M., Kumar, R.A., Nachiketh, R., and Vardhan, V.V. (2021, January 17\u201319). Planning Secure Consumption: Food Safety Using Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Technology, Research, and Innovation for Betterment of Society (TRIBES), Raipur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/TRIBES52498.2021.9751659"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, J., Shen, Z., Zhang, A., and Chai, Y. (2018, January 28\u201331). Blockchain and IoT based Food Traceability for Smart Agriculture. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Crowd Science and Engineering, Singapore.","DOI":"10.1145\/3265689.3265692"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51817","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911265","article-title":"Food safety supervision system based on hierarchical multi-domain blockchain network","volume":"7","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trollman, H., Garcia-Garcia, G., Jagtap, S., and Trollman, F. (2022). Blockchain for Ecologically Embedded Coffee Supply Chains. Logistics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics6030043"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3390\/jtaer18020042","article-title":"A Review of Blockchain Technology Adoption in the Tourism Industry from a Sustainability Perspective","volume":"18","author":"Comas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984493","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.984493","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 food control risk attitude for blockchain traceable information seeking: Evidence from fresh fruit buyers in China","volume":"6","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caro, M.P., Ali, M.S., Vecchio, M., and Giaffreda, R. (2018, January 8\u20139). Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: A practical implementation, 2018 IoT Vert. Top. Proceedings of the 2018 IoT Vertical and Topical Summit on Agriculture\u2014Tuscany (IOT Tuscany), Tuscany, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IOT-TUSCANY.2018.8373021"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2019.04.002","article-title":"BCT in agri-food value chain management: A synthesis of applications, challenges and future research directions","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20698","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2897792","article-title":"Food Safety Traceability System Based on Blockchain and EPCIS","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36398","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2975415","article-title":"Blockchain-based safety management system for the grain supply chain","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, J., Zhang, C., Gong, Y., Brown, S., and Li, Z. (2020). A content-analysis based literature review in blockchain adoption within food supply chain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051784"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Z., Mao, D., Zhang, B., Zuo, M., and Zhao, Z. (2020). A novel visual analysis method of food safety risk traceability based on blockchain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072300"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2019.05.025","article-title":"Boundary conditions for traceability in food supply chains using BCT","volume":"52","author":"Behnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012013","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1606\/1\/012013","article-title":"Research on Agricultural Food Safety Based on BCT","volume":"1606","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12025","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1634\/1\/012025","article-title":"Food Safety Traceability Method Based on BCT","volume":"1634","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rejeb, A., Keogh, J.G., Zailani, S., Treiblmaier, H., and Rejeb, K. (2020). BCT in the Food Industry: A Review of Potentials, Challenges and Future Research Directions. Logistics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics4040027"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.31585\/jbba-1-1-(10)2018","article-title":"Food Traceability on Blockchain: Walmart\u2019s Pork and Mango Pilots with IBM","volume":"1","author":"Kamath","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Br. Blockchain Assoc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.02.002","article-title":"Are Dis-tributed Ledger Technologies the panacea for food traceability?","volume":"20","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Food Sec."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"9839","article-title":"Agri-food safety optimized by BCT: Review","volume":"75","author":"Pineda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Nac. Agron. Medellin"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Panwar, A., and Bhatnagar, V. (2021). Machine Intelligence and Smart Systems, Springer. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panwar, A., and Bhatnagar, V. (2020, January 28\u201329). Distributed ledger technology (DLT): The beginning of a technological revolution for blockchain. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Data, Engineering and Applications (IDEA), Bhopal, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDEA49133.2020.9170699"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Analyzing the performance of data processing in private blockchain based distributed ledger","volume":"41","author":"Panwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Optim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bali, S., Aggarwal, S., and Sharma, S. (2021). Industry 4.0 Technologies for Business Excellence: Frameworks, Practices, and Applications, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003140474"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MSMC.2022.3197914","article-title":"Blockchain Technology in Agriculture for Indian Farmers: A Systematic Literature Review, Challenges, and Solutions","volume":"8","author":"Sugandh","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2022.02.015","article-title":"The integration of blockchain and IoT edge devices for smart agriculture: Challenges and use cases","volume":"Volume 127","author":"Sugandh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Computers"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-06-2022-0466","article-title":"Consumer adoption of blockchain food traceability: Effects of innovation-adoption characteristics, expertise in food traceability and blockchain technology, and segmentation","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. Food J."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/11\/613\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:23:15Z","timestamp":1760131395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/14\/11\/613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["info14110613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info14110613","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]}}}