{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:48Z","timestamp":1760143668996,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Energy\u2019s Kansas City National Security Campus, operated by Honeywell Federal Manufacturing &amp; Technologies, LLC","award":["DE-NA0002839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-NA0002839"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biomedical datasets distill many mechanisms of human diseases, linking diseases to genes and phenotypes (signs and symptoms of disease), genetic mutations to altered protein structures, and altered proteins to changes in molecular functions and biological processes. It is desirable to gain new insights from these data, especially with regard to the uncovering of hierarchical structures relating disease variants. However, analysis to this end has proven difficult due to the complexity of the connections between multi-categorical symbolic data. This article proposes symbolic tree adaptive resonance theory (START), with additional supervised, dual-vigilance (DV-START), and distributed dual-vigilance (DDV-START) formulations, for the clustering of multi-categorical symbolic data from biomedical datasets by demonstrating its utility in clustering variants of Charcot\u2013Marie\u2013Tooth disease using genomic, phenotypic, and proteomic data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15030125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T10:47:30Z","timestamp":1708685250000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analyzing Biomedical Datasets with Symbolic Tree Adaptive Resonance Theory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2442-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Petrenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6179-0793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Hier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary A.","family":"Bone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Industry Systems, University of Southeastern Norway, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0155-9733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayo","family":"Obafemi-Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Program, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO 65897, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9214-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik J.","family":"Timpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, MO 64147, USA"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, MO 64147, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3518-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Speight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & Technologies, Kansas City, MO 64147, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9726-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"II","given":"Donald C.","family":"Wunsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22080","article-title":"Deep phenotyping for precision medicine","volume":"33","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. 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