{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:11:25Z","timestamp":1777511485716,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea Government (MIST)","award":["2022-0-01022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-0-01022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To authenticate a controller area network (CAN) data frame, a message authentication code (MAC) must be sent along with the CAN frame, but there is no space reserved for the MAC in the CAN frame. Recently, difference-based compression (DBC) algorithms have been used to create a space inside the frame. DBC has the advantage of being very efficient, but its drawback is that, if an error occurs in one frame, the effects of that error propagate to subsequent frames. In this paper, a CAN data compression algorithm is proposed that compresses the current frame without relying on previous frames. Therefore, an error generated in one frame cannot be propagated to subsequent frames. In addition, a CAN signal grouping technique is proposed based on entropy analysis. To efficiently authenticate CAN frames, the length of the compressed data must be 4 bytes or less (4BL). Simulation shows that the 4BL-compression ratio of a Kia Sorento vehicle is 99.36% in the DBC method, but 100% in the proposed method. In an LS Mtron tractor, the 4BL-compression ratio is 98.58% in the DBC method, but 100% in the proposed method. In addition, the execution time of the proposed compression algorithm is only 27.39% of that of the DBC algorithm. The results show that the proposed algorithm has better compression characteristics for CAN security than the DBC algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15030132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T03:37:57Z","timestamp":1709091477000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Single-Frame-Based Data Compression for CAN Security"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1996-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-Yi","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic Engineering, IT Convergence Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong-Hyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Mobility R&D Center, Jeonbuk Institute of Automotive Convergence Technology, Gunsan 573450, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeon-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic Engineering, IT Convergence Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vehicle Electrification R&D Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, Cheonan 31471, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Software Science, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin-Gyun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronic Engineering, IT Convergence Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3078740","article-title":"A survey of attacks on controller area networks and corresponding countermeasures","volume":"23","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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