{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T12:50:14Z","timestamp":1786193414694,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent research emphasizes the importance of Artificial Intelligence applications as supporting tools for students in higher education. Simultaneously, an intensive exchange of views has started in the public debate in the international educational community. However, for a more proper use of these applications, it is necessary to investigate the factors that explain their intention and actual use in the future. With the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) model, this work analyses the factors influencing students\u2019 use and intention to use Artificial Intelligence technology. For this purpose, a sample of 197 Greek students at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences from the University of Patras participated in a survey. The findings highlight that expected performance, habit, and enjoyment of these Artificial Intelligence applications are key determinants influencing teachers\u2019 intentions to use them. Moreover, behavioural intention, habit, and facilitating conditions explain the usage of these Artificial Intelligence applications. This study did not reveal any moderating effects. The limitations, practical implications, and proposed directions for future research based on these results are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15060314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T07:38:39Z","timestamp":1716881919000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Determinants of Humanities and Social Sciences Students\u2019 Intentions to Use Artificial Intelligence Applications for Academic Purposes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2225-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Lavidas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences and Early Childhood Education, University of Patras Greece, 265 04 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9593-5364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iro","family":"Voulgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece13a Navarinou, 10 680 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3184-1147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stamatios","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preschool Education, Faculty of Education, University of Crete, 741 00 Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Athanassopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, University of Patras Greece, 265 04 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antigoni","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences and Early Childhood Education, University of Patras Greece, 265 04 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andromachi","family":"Filippidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences and Early Childhood Education, University of Patras Greece, 265 04 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6909-2765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilis","family":"Komis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Educational Sciences and Early Childhood Education, University of Patras Greece, 265 04 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6581-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Karacapilidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, 265 04 Rio, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson, P.C. (2019). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Courier Dover Publications. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.18356\/d94175df-en"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-016-0646-7","article-title":"From Alan Turing to modern AI: Practical solutions and an implicit epistemic stance","volume":"32","author":"Luger","year":"2017","journal-title":"AI Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-021-00475-2","article-title":"Machine learning and deep learning","volume":"31","author":"Janiesch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.25082\/AMLER.2023.02.009","article-title":"The use of ChatGPT as a learning tool to improve foreign language writing in a multilingual and multicultural classroom","volume":"3","author":"Athanassopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mob. Learn. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Guo, B., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Jiang, M., Nie, J., Ding, Y., Yue, J., and Wu, Y. (2023). How Close is ChatGPT to Human Experts? Comparison Corpus, Evaluation, and Detection. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pegoraro, A., Kumari, K., Fereidooni, H., and Sadeghi, A. (2023). To ChatGPT, or not to ChatGPT: That is the question!. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, G., Jain, A., Araveeti, S.R., Adhikari, S., Garg, H., and Bhandari, M. (2024). FDA-Approved Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI\/ML)-Enabled Medical Devices: An Updated Landscape. Electronics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13030498"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michel-Villarreal, R., Vilalta-Perdomo, E., Salinas-Navarro, D.E., Thierry-Aguilera, R., and Gerardou, F.S. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities of Generative AI for Higher Education as Explained by ChatGPT. Educ. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13090856"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/20965311231168423","article-title":"Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT: A Framework for Applying Generative AI in Education","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"ECNU Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.3c00323","article-title":"Generative AI in education and research: Opportunities, concerns, and solutions","volume":"100","author":"Alasadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Educ."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Lipman, J., and Distler, R. (2024, April 02). Schools Shouldn\u2019t Ban Access to ChatGPT. Available online: https:\/\/time.com\/6246574\/schools-shouldnt-ban-access-to-chatgpt\/."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popenici, S. (2022). Artificial Intelligence and Learning Futures: Critical Narratives of Technology and Imagination in Higher Education, Routledge. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003266563"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.30935\/cedtech\/13152","article-title":"Revolutionizing education with AI: Exploring the transformative potential of ChatGPT","volume":"15","author":"Adiguzel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Cao, L., and Dede, C. (2023). Navigating a World of Generative AI: Suggestions for Educators, President and Fellows of Harvard College. The Next Level Lab at Harvard Graduate School of Education."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahroun, Z., Anane, C., Ahmed, V., and Zacca, A. (2023). Transforming Education: A Comprehensive Review of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Educational Settings through Bibliometric and Content Analysis. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151712983"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1080\/1046560X.2023.2263251","article-title":"Navigating Opportunities and Challenges of Artificial Intelligence: ChatGPT and Generative Models in Science Teacher Education","volume":"34","author":"Verma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Teach. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.56397\/JARE.2023.07.02","article-title":"Integrating Generative AI in Education: How ChatGPT Brings Challenges for Future Learning and Teaching","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Educ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavidas, K., Papadakis, S., Filippidi, A., Karachristos, C., Misirli, A., Tzavara, A., Komis, V., and Karacapilidis, N. (2023). Predicting the Behavioral Intention of Greek University Faculty Members to Use Moodle. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15076290"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.35940\/ijrte.F7475.0311623","article-title":"Analysing Students\u2019 Attitudes and Behavior toward Artificial Intelligence Technologies in Higher Education","volume":"11","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng. (IJRTE)"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.47852\/bonviewIJCE42022489","article-title":"Generative Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Exploring Ways of Harnessing Pedagogical Practices with the Assistance of ChatGPT","volume":"1","author":"Nikolopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Changes Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maheshwari, G. (2023). Factors influencing students\u2019 intention to adopt and use ChatGPT in higher education: A study in the Vietnamese context. Educ. Inf. Technol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12333-z"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasupuleti, R.S., and Thiyyagura, D. (2024). An empirical evidence on the continuance and recommendation intention of ChatGPT among higher education students in India: An extended technology continuance theory. Educ. Inf. Technol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12573-7"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almahri, F.A.J., Bell, D., and Merhi, M. (2020, January 27\u201329). Understanding Student Acceptance and Use of Chatbots in the United Kingdom Universities: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Information Management (ICIM), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIM49319.2020.244712"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4018\/IJICTE.339557","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Adoption and Use of ChatGPT in Higher Education","volume":"20","author":"Alshammari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Commun. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dahri, N.A., Yahaya, N., Al-Rahmi, W.M., Vighio, M.S., Alblehai, F., Soomro, R.B., and Shutaleva, A. (2024). Investigating AI-based academic support acceptance and its impact on students\u2019 performance in Malaysian and Pakistani higher education institutions. Educ. Inf. Technol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12599-x"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.7821\/naer.2023.7.1458","article-title":"Use of ChatGPT at University as a Tool for Complex Thinking: Students\u2019 Perceived Usefulness","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. New Approaches Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-023-00411-8","article-title":"Students\u2019 voices on generative AI: Perceptions, benefits, and challenges in higher education","volume":"20","author":"Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeti\u015fensoy, O., and Karaduman, H. (2024). The effect of AI-powered chatbots in social studies education. Educ. Inf. Technol., 1\u201335.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-024-12485-6"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2307\/41410412","article-title":"Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology","volume":"36","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00285-9","article-title":"Algorithmic Bias in Education","volume":"32","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00244-4","article-title":"Mapping Artificial Intelligence in Education Research: A Network-based Keyword Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/08982112.2023.2206479","article-title":"How generative AI models such as ChatGPT can be (mis)used in SPC practice, education, and research? An exploratory study","volume":"36","author":"Megahed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Qual. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"277","article-title":"Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration","volume":"25","author":"Nah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Case Appl. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azaria, A., Azoulay, R., and Reches, S. (2023). ChatGPT is a Remarkable Tool\u2014For Experts. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1162\/dint_a_00235"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"57","article-title":"What ChatGPT means for universities: Perceptions of scholars and students","volume":"6","author":"Firat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.22158\/jbtp.v11n2p28","article-title":"A Discussion about the Impact of ChatGPT in Education: Benefits and Concerns","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bus. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-020-10157-9","article-title":"Acceptance of mobile phone by University students for their studies: An investigation applying UTAUT2 model","volume":"25","author":"Nikolopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montenegro-Rueda, M., Fern\u00e1ndez-Cerero, J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Batanero, J.M., and L\u00f3pez-Meneses, E. (2023). Impact of the Implementation of ChatGPT in Education: A Systematic Review. Computers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers12080153"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strzelecki, A. (2023). To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students\u2019 acceptance and use of technology. Interact. Learn. Environ., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2209881"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavidas, K., Petropoulou, A., Papadakis, S., Apostolou, Z., Komis, V., Jimoyiannis, A., and Gialamas, V. (2022). Factors Affecting Response Rates of the Web Survey with Teachers. Computers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers11090127"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ray, S., Danks, N., and Calero Valdez, A. (2023, December 23). Seminr: Building and Estimating Structural Equation Models. R Package Version 2.3.2. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=seminr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., and Sarstedt, M. (2021). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (Pls-Sem), SAGE. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","article-title":"When to use and how to report the results of pls-sem","volume":"31","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavidas, K., Papadakis, S., Manesis, D., Grigoriadou, A.S., and Gialamas, V. (2022). The Effects of Social Desirability on Students\u2019 Self-Reports in Two Social Contexts: Lectures vs. Lectures and Lab Classes. Information, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/info13100491"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/6\/314\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:30Z","timestamp":1760107770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/6\/314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["info15060314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15060314","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}