{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:58:26Z","timestamp":1774400306395,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge representation models that aim to present data in a structured and comprehensible manner have gained popularity as a research focus in the pursuit of achieving human-level intelligence. Humans possess the ability to understand, reason and interpret knowledge. They acquire knowledge through their experiences and utilize it to carry out various actions in the real world. Similarly, machines can also perform these tasks, a process known as knowledge representation and reasoning. In this survey, we present a thorough analysis of knowledge representation models and their crucial role in information management within the healthcare domain. We provide an overview of various models, including ontologies, first-order logic and rule-based systems. We classify four knowledge representation models based on their type, such as graphical, mathematical and other types. We compare these models based on four criteria: heterogeneity, interpretability, scalability and reasoning in order to determine the most suitable model that addresses healthcare challenges and achieves a high level of satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15080435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T13:04:59Z","timestamp":1721999099000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Survey on Knowledge Representation Models in Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Batoul","family":"Msheik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Chicoutimi, 555, Boul De l\u2019Universit\u00e9, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5327-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Adda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques, Informatique et G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski, 300 All\u00e9e des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Mcheick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Math\u00e9matiques, Informatique et G\u00e9nie, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski, 300 All\u00e9e des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Dbouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Universit\u00e9 Libanaise, Hadath, Beirut 6573\/14, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom","volume":"3","author":"Stafford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Knowl. 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