{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:20:13Z","timestamp":1780392013048,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","award":["857159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857159"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aging population, combined with the scarcity of healthcare resources, presents significant challenges for our society. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics offers a potential solution to these challenges. However, such technologies also raise ethical and cybersecurity concerns related to the preservation of privacy, autonomy, and human contact. In this case study, we examine these ethical challenges and the opportunities brought by AI and robotics in the care of old individuals at home. This article aims to describe the current fragmented state of legislation related to the development and use of AI-based services and robotics and to reflect on their ethics and cybersecurity. The findings indicate that, guided by ethical principles, we can leverage the best aspects of technology while ensuring that old people can maintain a dignified and valued life at home. The careful handling of ethical issues should be viewed as a competitive advantage and opportunity, rather than a burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15110729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T05:33:04Z","timestamp":1731648784000},"page":"729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Ethics and Cybersecurity of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in Helping The Elderly to Manage at Home"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4798-2462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyri","family":"Rajam\u00e4ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit W, Laurea University of Applied Sciences, 02650 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Helin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COJOT, 02270 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"SHAPES (2024, September 01). Available online: https:\/\/shapes2020.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10410","DOI":"10.2196\/10410","article-title":"Health Care Robotics: Qualitative Exploration of Key Challenges and Future Directions","volume":"20","author":"Cresswell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-020-09536-0","article-title":"Robots responding to care needs? A multitasking care robot pursued for 25 years, available products offer simple entertainment and instrumental assistance","volume":"22","author":"Parviainen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/1312","article-title":"An Ethical Framework for Smart Robots","volume":"10","author":"Westerlund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Innov. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Beauchamp, T., and Childress, J. (2001). Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford University Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women\u2019s Development, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1108\/JICES-12-2018-0095","article-title":"Cybersecurity in health\u2014Disentangling value tensions","volume":"17","author":"Loi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Inf. Commun. Ethics Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2013.00591.x","article-title":"The baby boom and its causes: What we know and what we need to know","volume":"39","author":"Reher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2021.101174","article-title":"Enablers of Resilience in the Healthcare Supply Chain: A Case Study of U.S Healthcare Industry during COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"93","author":"Zamiela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vahteristo, A., and Kinnunen, U.-M. (2019). Teko\u00e4lyn hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4minen terveydenhuollossa terveysriskien ja riskitekij\u00f6iden tunnistamiseksi ja ennustamiseksi. Finn. J. Ehealth Ewelfare, 11.","DOI":"10.23996\/fjhw.77582"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Raatikainen, P. (2021). Koneoppimisalgoritmit mahdollistavat jo ihmisen parantelun. Teko\u00e4ly, Ihminen ja Yhteiskunta, Gaudeamus."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"V\u00e4h\u00e4kainu, P., and Neittaanm\u00e4ki, P. (2024, September 01). Teko\u00e4ly Terveydenhuollossa. Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4n Yliopisto. Informaatioteknologian Julkaisuja No. 45\/2018. Available online: https:\/\/jyx.jyu.fi\/handle\/123456789\/57682."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Hein\u00e4senaho, M., \u00c4yr\u00e4s-Blumberg, O., and L\u00e4hesmaa, J. (2024, September 01). Teko\u00e4ly Mullistaa Terveydenhuoltoa\u2014Mahdollisuudet Hy\u00f6dynnett\u00e4v\u00e4 Viipym\u00e4tt\u00e4. Valtioneuvosto. Available online: https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/1271139\/tekoaly-mullistaa-terveydenhuoltoa-mahdollisuudet-hyodynnettava-viipymatta."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grieves, M., and Vickers, J. (2017). Digital twin: Mitigating unpredictable, undesirable emergent behavior in complex systems. Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-38756-7_4"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49088","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909828","article-title":"A Novel Cloud-Based Framework for the Elderly Healthcare Services Using Digital Twin","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kettunen, P., Hahto, A., Kopponen, A., and Mikkonen, T. (2021, January 7\u20138). Predictive \u201cmaintenance\u201d of citizens with digital twins. Proceedings of the 26th Finnish National Conference on Telemedicine and eHealth, Oulu, Finland.","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2022.3159683"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocabas, O., and Soyata, T. (2020). Towards Privacy-Preserving Medical Cloud Computing Using Homomorphic Encryption. Management Association, Virtual and Mobile Healthcare: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-9863-3.ch005"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyrarini, M., and Lygerakis, F. (2020). A Survey of Robots in Healthcare. Technologies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies9010008"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soriano, G.P., Yasuhara, Y., Ito, H., Matsumoto, K., Osaka, K., Kai, Y., Locsin, R., Schoenhofer, S., and Tanioka, T. (2022). Robots and Robotics in Nursing. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10081571"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"13","article-title":"Intention to Use Exoskeletons in Geriatric Care Work: Need for Ergonomic and Social Design","volume":"30","author":"Turja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ergon. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10676-019-09524-z","article-title":"Could robots strengthen the sense of autonomy of older people residing in assisted living facilities?\u2014A future-oriented study","volume":"22","author":"Pirhonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethics Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lera, F.J.R., Llamas, C.F., Guerrero, \u00c1.M., and Olivera, V.M. (2017). Cybersecurity of robotics and autonomous systems: Privacy and safety. Robotics-Legal, Ethical and Socioeconomic Impacts, INTECH.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.69796"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clsr.2021.105528","article-title":"Cybersecurity, safety and robots: Strengthening the link between cybersecurity and safety in the context of care robots","volume":"41","author":"Mahler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Law Secur. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giansanti, D., and Gulino, R. (2021). The Cybersecurity and the Care Robots: A Viewpoint on the Open Problems and the Perspectives. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9121653"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajam\u00e4k, J., and J\u00e4rvinen, M. (2022, January 16\u201317). Exploring care robots\u2019 cybersecurity threats from care robotics specialists\u2019 point of view. Proceedings of the 21th European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security (ECCWS 2022), Chester, UK.","DOI":"10.34190\/eccws.21.1.275"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Aaltonen, M. (2019). Teko\u00e4ly, Alma Talent."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"European Comission (2024, September 01). Ethics Guideline for Thrustworthy AI, Available online: https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1477750919876250","article-title":"The ethics of care and justice in primary nursing of older patients","volume":"14","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Coeckelbergh, M. (2021). Teko\u00e4lyn Etiikka, Libris\/Painoliber Oy."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Sarlio-Siintola, S. (2024, September 01). SHAPES. Ethical Framework Final Version. Available online: https:\/\/shapes2020.eu\/deliverables\/."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajam\u00e4ki, J., Rocha, P., Perenius, M., and Gioulekas, F. (2022, January 9\u201311). SHAPES Project Pilots\u2019 Self-assessment for Trustworthy AI. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Dependable Systems, Services and Technologies (DESSERT), Athens, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/DESSERT58054.2022.10018790"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christen, M., Gordijn, B., and Loi, M. (2020). The Ethics of Cybersecurity, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29053-5"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Poel, I. (2020). Core values and value conflicts in cybersecurity: Beyond privacy versus security. The Ethics of Cybersecurity, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29053-5_3"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Yin, R. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kankkunen, P., and Vehvil\u00e4inen-Julkunen, K. (2013). Tutkimus Hoitotieteess\u00e4. 3, Sanoma Pro. Uudistettu Painos."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hirsj\u00e4rvi, S., Remes, P., and Sajavaara, P. (2007). Tutki ja Kirjoita, Otava."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Hirsj\u00e4rvi, S., and Hurme, H. (2014). Tutkimushaastattelu\u2014Teemahaastattelun Teoria ja K\u00e4yt\u00e4nt\u00f6, Gaudeamus."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Hirvikoski, T., \u00c4yv\u00e4ri, A., Hagman, K., and Wollst\u00e9n, P. (2018). Yhteiskehitt\u00e4misen K\u00e4sikirja, Laurea."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"SHAPES (2024, September 01). SHAPES Pilots. Available online: https:\/\/shapes2020.eu\/about-shapes\/pilots\/."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajam\u00e4ki, J., Gioulekas, F., Rocha, P., Garcia, X., and Ofem, P. (2023). ALTAI Tool for Assessing AI-Based Technologies: Lessons Learned and Recommendations from SHAPES Pilots. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101454"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33081","DOI":"10.2196\/33081","article-title":"Ethical Issues of Digital Twins for Personalized Health Care Service: Preliminary Mapping Study","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/11\/729\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:32:40Z","timestamp":1760113960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/11\/729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["info15110729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15110729","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]}}}