{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:22:43Z","timestamp":1773267763849,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Personnel appraisal and promotion are fundamental processes in Human Resource Management (HRM), requiring advanced methodologies that adeptly combine objective data with subjective assessments. This paper introduces ES-MADM II, an enhanced iteration of the Entropy Synergy Multi-Attribute Decision-Making model, designed to strengthen decision-making robustness and stability. The model incorporates key entropy-based indices such as Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Criteria Effectiveness Score (CES), Conditional Stability Factor (CSF), and the newly introduced Alternatives Distinction Index (ADI). Together, these indices offer a comprehensive framework for assessing not only decision accuracy but also the overall resilience and clarity of the evaluation process. The effectiveness of ES-MADM II is showcased through military HRM case studies, illustrating how the model enhances personnel performance appraisals and promotion decisions by harmonizing subjective judgments with objective metrics. A detailed sensitivity analysis further demonstrates the model\u2019s adaptability to variations in input data while preserving decision integrity. ES-MADM II ultimately fosters a more transparent, balanced, and equitable decision-making process, making it an indispensable tool for HR decision makers in complex organizational settings. This refined approach underscores the model\u2019s capacity to navigate the complexities of HR evaluations with rigor and fairness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15120767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T06:38:25Z","timestamp":1733294305000},"page":"767","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Advanced Integration of ES-MADM II in HRM: A Balanced Approach to Appraisal and Promotion Decisions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0584-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sideris","family":"Kiratsoudis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Didactics, Computational and Applied Mathematics and Micromagnetics Lab, Department of Physics, School of Science, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Kavala Campus, P.C. 65404 Kavala, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6317-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vassilis","family":"Tsiantos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Didactics, Computational and Applied Mathematics and Micromagnetics Lab, Department of Physics, School of Science, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Kavala Campus, P.C. 65404 Kavala, Greece"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Grote, D. (2002). The Performance Appraisal Question and Answer Book: A Survival Guide for Managers, AMACOM."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Armstrong, M. (2009). Armstrong\u2019s Handbook of Performance Management: An Evidence-Based Guide to Delivering High Performance, Kogan Page."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., and Snyderman, B.B. (1990). Motivation to Work, Transaction Publishers."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Dessler, G. (2013). Human Resource Management, Pearson Education."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, C.-L., and Yoon, K. (1981). Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-48318-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy Sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x","article-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Communication","volume":"27","author":"Shannon","year":"1948","journal-title":"Bell Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"London, M. (2003). Job Feedback: Giving, Seeking, and Using Feedback for Performance Improvement, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327965PLI1104_01","article-title":"The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior","volume":"11","author":"Deci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol. Inq."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.9.705","article-title":"Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation","volume":"57","author":"Locke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"53","article-title":"High Performance Work Systems and Firm Performance: A Synthesis of Research and Managerial Implications","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Pers. Hum. Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2006.03.003","article-title":"A fuzzy-based military officer performance appraisal system","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"451","article-title":"A hybrid multi-criteria decision-making model for personnel selection in manufacturing systems","volume":"21","author":"Dagdeviren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Bus. Media"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2008.03.005","article-title":"An analytic hierarchy process and two-sided matching based decision support system for military personnel assignment","volume":"178","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2009.08.035","article-title":"A performance appraisal and promotion ranking system based on fuzzy logic: An implementation case in military organizations","volume":"10","author":"Moon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3919","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Aircraft Maintenance Staff Using a Fuzzy MCDM Approach","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Comput. Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"183","article-title":"A multi-criteria, network analytic approach to war game participant selection","volume":"13","author":"Bastian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Def. Model. Simul. Appl. Methodol. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM-07-2014-0149","article-title":"Portraying an employee performance management system based on multi-criteria decision analysis and visual techniques","volume":"37","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Manpow."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"673","article-title":"Analysis of Employees Performance Appraisal, Promotion and Mutationin Organizational Performance at Bank Sumut Medan, North Sumatra Province","volume":"136","author":"Nasution","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Soc. Sci. Educ. Humanit. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"125","article-title":"Power of Analytical Hierarchy Process for Performance Appraisal in Promotion Selection","volume":"26","author":"Sriwardiningsih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. Humanit."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maghsoodi, A.I., Abouhamzeh, G., Khalizadeh, M., and Zavadskas, E.K. (2018). Ranking and selecting the best performance appraisal method using the MULTIMOORA approach integrated Shannon\u2019s entropy. Front. Bus. Res. China, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s11782-017-0022-6"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasanayaka, C.H., Abeykoon, C., Ranaweere, R., and Koswatte, I. (2021). The Impact of the Performance Appraisal Process on Job Satisfaction of the Academic Staff in Higher Educational Institutions. Educ. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci11100623"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"117","article-title":"Selecting A Cyber Security Specialist with Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods","volume":"6","author":"Yumusak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Turk. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, I.P.D.A., Terra, A.V., Moreira, M.\u00c2.L., Pereira, M.T., F\u00e1vero, L.P.L., Santos, M.D., and Gomes, C.F.S. (2022). A Systematic Approach to the Management of Military Human Resources through the ELECTRE-MOr Multicriteria Method. Algorithms, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/a15110422"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fanaei, S., Zareiyan, A., Shahraki, S., and Mirzaei, A. (2023). Determining the key performance indicators of human resource management of military hospital managers; a TOPSIS study. BMC Prim. Care, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-023-02007-7"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"39","article-title":"Assessment of Human Resources Performance in Urban Maintenance","volume":"2","author":"Kchaou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Organ. Technol. Entrep. Tasks MCDM Approach"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiratsoudis, S., and Tsiantos, V. (2024). Enhancing Personnel Selection through the Integration of the Entropy Synergy Analysis of Multi-Attribute Decision Making Model: A Novel Approach. Information, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/info15010001"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Khinchin, A. (1957). Mathematical Foundation of Information Theory, Dover."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, L., Xu, J., and Cao, X. (2009, January 23\u201324). 2009 International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications\u2014Decision Table Reduction Method Based on New Conditional Entropy for Rough Set Theory. Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 International Workshop on Intelligent Systems and Applications, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWISA.2009.5072803"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.2118\/163638-PA","article-title":"Estimation of Mutual Information and Conditional Entropy for Surveillance Optimization","volume":"19","author":"Le","year":"2014","journal-title":"SPE J."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Brans, J. (1982). L\u2019ing\u00e9nierie de la D\u00e9cision: \u00c9laboration D\u2019instruments d\u2019aide \u00e0 la D\u00e9cision. La M\u00e9thode PROMETHEE (Decision Engineering: Development of Decision Support Tools. The PROMETHEE Method), Presses de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Laval."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.-T., Hwang, Y.-C., and Hung, W.-Z. (2009, January 8\u201311). Applying multiple linguistic PROMETHEE method for personnel evaluation and selection. Proceedings of the IEEE 2009 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEM.2009.5373021"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00134132","article-title":"The outranking approach and the foundations of electre methods","volume":"31","author":"Roy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theory Decis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0548(94)00059-H","article-title":"Determining objective weights in multiple criteria problems: The CRITIC method","volume":"22","author":"Diakoulaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L., and Vargas, L.G. (2013). Decision Making with the Analytic Network Process (Economic, Political, Social and Technological Applications with Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks), 2nd ed. International Series in Operational Research & Management Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7279-7"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/12\/767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:45:19Z","timestamp":1760114719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/12\/767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["info15120767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15120767","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}