{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:37:40Z","timestamp":1774892260920,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU","award":["CUP D53D23012830006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP D53D23012830006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Writing is first-order instrumental learning that develops throughout the life cycle, a complex process evolving from early childhood education. The identification of risk predictors of dysgraphia at age 5 has the potential to significantly reduce the impact of graphomotor difficulties in early primary school, which affects handwriting performance to such an extent that it can become illegible. Building on established scientific literature, this study focuses on screening processes, with particular attention to writing requirements. This paper proposes a novel prevention and intervention system based on new technologies for teachers and educators or therapists. Specifically, it presents a pilot study testing an innovative tactile device to analyze graphomotor performance and motor coordination in real time. The research explores whether this haptic device can be used as an effective pedagogical aid for preventing graphomotor issues in children aged 5 to 6 years. The results showed a high level of engagement and usability among young participants. Furthermore, the quality of graphomotor traces, respectively executed by children after virtual and physical training, were comparable, supporting the use of the tool as a complementary training resource for the observation and enhancement of graphomotor processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15120781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T08:33:51Z","timestamp":1733387631000},"page":"781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Preventing Dysgraphia: Early Observation Protocols and a Technological Framework for Monitoring and Enhancing Graphomotor Skills"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8916-1262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Ceccacci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6303-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Del Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5861-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catia","family":"Giaconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, University of Macerata, 62100 Macerata, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2053-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dolors","family":"Forteza Forteza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pedagog\u00eda Aplicada y Psicolog\u00eda de la Educaci\u01ffn, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2923-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Moreno-Tall\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Pedagog\u00eda Aplicada y Psicolog\u00eda de la Educaci\u01ffn, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Giaconi, C., and Aparacida Capellini, S. (2015). Conoscere per Includere. Riflessioni e Linee Operative per Professionisti in Formazione, FrancoAngeli."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ministry of Public Education (Italy) (2024, October 30). I Principali dati Relativi agli Alunni con DSA aa.ss. 2019\/2020\u20142020\/2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.mim.gov.it\/documents\/20182\/6891182\/Focus+sugli+alunni+con+Disturbi+Specifici+dell%27Apprendimento_aa.ss.201920_202021."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effects of early intervention on the writing skills of pupils who present a risk of learning disabilities within Spain\u2019s Early Years and Primary Education system","volume":"338","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Booth, T., and Ainscow, M. (2015). Gu\u00eda para la Educaci\u00f3n Inclusiva: Desarrollando el Aprendizaje y la Participaci\u00f3n en los Centros Escolares, OEI, FUHEM. Available online: https:\/\/oei.int\/oficinas\/republica-dominicana\/publicaciones\/index-for-inclusion-guia-para-la-educacion-inclusiva.","DOI":"10.15366\/reice2015.13.3.001"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Societ\u00e1 Italiana di Pedagogia Speciale (SIPeS) (2024). L\u2019inclusione non si Ferma. Cammina Sempre. Volume in Ricordo di Andrea Canevaro, Erickson."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"251","article-title":"Innovando la docencia desde la formaci\u00f3n del profesorado. Propuestas y realidades","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ. Siglo XXI"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.5569\/2340-5104.10.01.09","article-title":"Evoluci\u00f3n, desaf\u00edos y barreras frente al desarrollo de una educaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s inclusiva","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Discapac."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"D\u2019Alonzo, L., and Giaconi, C. (2024). Manuale per l\u2019inclusione, Schol\u00e8."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Aiello, P., and Giaconi, C. (2024). L\u2019Agire Inclusivo. Interfacce Pedagogiche e Didattiche. Manuale per l\u2019Insegnante, Schol\u00e9."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.796878","article-title":"Variables affecting teachers\u2019 intentions to include students with disabilities in regular primary schools in Bangladesh","volume":"29","author":"Ahmmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Disabil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"11","article-title":"Percepciones del profesorado sobre la inclusi\u00f3n: Estudio preliminar","volume":"19","author":"Poy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Electr\u00f3n. Interuniv. Form. Profr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"18","article-title":"Dificultades espec\u00edficas del aprendizaje en Educaci\u00f3n Primaria: La importancia de la formaci\u00f3n de los futuros docentes","volume":"1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Educ. Innov. Form."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3280\/ess1-2024oa17632","article-title":"The Inclusive University: Practices and reflections for student community well-being","volume":"1","author":"Taddei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"715","article-title":"Sistema de actividades did\u00e1cticas para la detecci\u00f3n precoz de la disgraf\u00eda en ni\u00f1os de 5 a\u00f1os","volume":"21","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maest. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Stella, G., and Gallo, D. (2005). Dislessia, scelte scolastiche e formative: Una Ricerca della Regione Emilia Romagna, Omega."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ianes, D., Cramerotti, S., and Tait, M. (2007). Facciamo il Punto su\u2026 la Dislessia: Il Ruolo della Scuola e della Famiglia, Edizioni Centro Studi Erickson."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"135","article-title":"Body and didactics: Possible directions of international research","volume":"2013","author":"Giaconi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2024, October 30). Art. 3 c. 3 LEGGE 8 Ottobre 2010, n. 170 Nuove Norme in Materia di Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento in Ambito Scolastico. Available online: https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/serie_generale\/caricaDettaglioAtto\/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2010-10-18&atto.codiceRedazionale=010G0192&elenco30giorni=false."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione e del Merito (2024, October 30). Linee Guida per il Diritto allo Studio degli Alunni e degli Studenti con Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento. Allegato al Decreto Ministeriale 12 Luglio 2011, Available online: https:\/\/www.mim.gov.it\/documents\/20182\/187572\/Linee+guida+per+il+diritto+allo+studio+degli+alunni+e+degli+studenti+con+disturbi+specifici+di+apprendimento.pdf\/663faecd-cd6a-4fe0-84f8-6e716b45b37e?version=1.0&t=1495447020459."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"219","article-title":"L\u2019importanza dei Prerequisiti e Dello Screening Precoce Nella Scuola Dell\u2019Infanzia","volume":"1","author":"Maniscalco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Simoneschi, G. (2010). Screening, indicatori precoci e fattori di rischio per i DSA. Annali della Pubblica Istruzione. La Dislessia e i Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento, Periodici Le Monnier."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"49","article-title":"Intervenci\u00f3n psicomotriz en un alumno con disgraf\u00eda: Estudio de caso","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. Cienc. Act. F\u00edsica Deporte"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Tretti, M.L., Terreni, A., and Corcella, P.R. (2002). Materiali IPDA per la Prevenzione delle Difficolt\u00e0 di Apprendimento. Strategie e interventi, Edizioni Erickson."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Cornoldi, C. (2007). Definizione, criteri e classificazione. Difficolta e Disturbi Dell\u2019apprendimento, Il Mulino."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"139","article-title":"\u00c8 proprio cos\u00ec difficile distinguere difficolt\u00e0 da disturbo di apprendimento","volume":"5","author":"Tressoldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dislessia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.33789\/talentos.7.2.135","article-title":"Causas de disgraf\u00eda en estudiantes de tercer a\u00f1o de Educaci\u00f3n General B\u00e1sica","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Talent."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"766","article-title":"La dislexia, la disgrafia y la discalculia: Sus consecuencias en la educaci\u00f3n ecuatoriana","volume":"21","author":"Scrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Arch. M\u00e9dico Camag\u00fcey"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Borean, M. (2014). La valutazione nei disturbi visuo-percettivo-motori della scrittura: Riflessioni e revisione critiva in una prospettiva storica). Le Difficolt\u00e0 Grafo-Motorie Nella Scrittura, Centro Studi Erickson."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Zoia, S., and Biancotto, M. (2014). Le difficolt\u00e0 grafo-motorie nell\u2019apprendimento della scrittura (disgrafia). Le Difficolt\u00e0 Grafo-Motorie Nella Scrittura, Centro Studi Erickson."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.54.1.83","article-title":"Perceptual-motor function of school-age children with slow handwriting speed","volume":"54","author":"Tseng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2017.82015","article-title":"Relation between visual motor integration and handwriting in students of elementary school","volume":"8","author":"Capellini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3923\/tasr.2015.259.269","article-title":"Correlation between gross motor activities and hand writing skills in elementary school children","volume":"10","author":"Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2016.2628799","article-title":"Identifying developmental dysgraphia characteristics utilizing handwriting classification methods","volume":"47","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2007.00312.x","article-title":"Handwriting development, competency, and intervention","volume":"49","author":"Feder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(90)90008-4","article-title":"Phonological and motoric demands in handwriting: Evidence for discrete transmission of information","volume":"74","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(91)90003-G","article-title":"Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory","volume":"10","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hum. Mov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(93)90010-O","article-title":"Neuromotor noise and poor handwriting in children","volume":"82","author":"Portier","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Ianes, D., Cisotto, L., and Galvan, N. (2011). Disgrafia e Disortografia, Editrice Erickson."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Pratelli, M. (2022). Disgrafia e Difficolt\u00e0 Grafo-Motorie: Valutazione, Intervento e Prevenzione, Centro Studi Erickson."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"227","article-title":"Prevenzione dei Disturbi Specifici di Apprendimento in scuola materna: Ipotesi per una batteria di screening","volume":"63","author":"Mazzoncini","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psichiatr. Dell\u2019infanzia Dell\u2019adolescenza"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.34S1.2002063","article-title":"Problemas asociados a la dislexia","volume":"34","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.56048\/MQR20225.8.3.2024.2967-2992","article-title":"Implementaci\u00f3n de estrategias metodol\u00f3gicas l\u00fadicas para mejorar la disgrafia en estudiantes","volume":"8","year":"2024","journal-title":"MQRInvestigar"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"7","article-title":"Disgraf\u00eda: Dificultad de aprendizaje","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Univ. Inform. RUNIN"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"23","article-title":"Estudio descriptivo de la disgraf\u00eda en ni\u00f1os de 2\u00ba a 4\u00ba de primaria","volume":"3","author":"Barroso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Educ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"57","article-title":"School prevention as a new frontier for inclusive planning in Kindergarten","volume":"2","author":"Giaconi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qtimes"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Terreni, A. (2011). IPDA. Questionario Osservativo per l\u2019Identificazione Precoce delle Difficolt\u00e0 di Apprendimento. Con CD-ROM, Edizioni Erickson."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Zanetti, M.A., and Miazza, D. (2003). Test SR 4-5 (School Readiness 4-5 Anni)-Prove per l\u2019Individuazione delle Abilit\u00e0 di Base nel Passaggio Dalla Scuola dell\u2019Infanzia alla Scuola Primaria, Edizioni Erickson."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Marotta, L., Trasciani, M., and Vicari, S. (2008). Test CMF. Valutazione delle Competenze Metafonologiche. Con CD-ROM, Edizioni Erickson."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Scalisi, T.G., Pelagaggi, D., Fanini, S., Desimoni, M., and Romano, L. (2009). PAC-SI\/Prove di Abilit\u00e0 Cognitive per la Scuola Dell\u2019infanzia, Edizioni Infantiae.Org."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Savelli, E., Franceschi, S., and Fioravanti, B. (2022). SPEED: Screening Prescolare et\u00e0 Evolutiva-Dislessia: Test per L\u2019identificazione Precoce delle Difficolt\u00e0 di Apprendimento della Letto-Scrittura nella Scuola Dell\u2019infanzia, Centro studi Erickson."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ambrosini, C., Zaghen, K., Panciroli, M.C., and Mazetta, F. (2022). Mano alla Forma. Prova Grafica di Prassia Costruttiva. Test Psicomotorio Standardizzato per L\u2019identificazione Precoce del Rischio di Disgrafia, Giunti."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0 (2024, October 30). Linea guida\u2014Gestione dei Disturbi Specifici dell\u2019Apprendimento (DSA). Available online: https:\/\/www.iss.it\/documents\/20126\/8331678\/LG-389-AIP_DSA.pdf\/a288d319-fb01-bb17-9be1-d1cbd6a50e19?t=1677495513359."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"del Estado, E.B.O. (2024, October 30). Ley Org\u00e1nica de Modificaci\u00f3n de la Ley Org\u00e1nica de Educaci\u00f3n (Ley 3\/2020). Available online: https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/lo\/2020\/12\/29\/3\/con."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"23","article-title":"Knowledge and attitude of primary school teachers towards inclusive education of children with specific learning disabilities","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Soc. Work Educ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.6018\/rie.33.2.211101","article-title":"Conocimiento del profesorado sobre las dificultades espec\u00edficas de aprendizaje en lectura y escritura","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Educ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.21071\/pse.v15i2.15621","article-title":"Conocimiento y percepci\u00f3n del profesorado sobre las dificultades de aprendizaje de la lectura","volume":"15","author":"Cueli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol. Soc. Educ."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Amaya Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, A.C., and Moreno Campos, V. (2017). Incidencia de la Disgraf\u00eda en 1\u00ba Y 2\u00ba de Educaci\u00f3n Primaria, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Defior, S. (2000). Las Dificultades de Aprendizaje: Lectura, Escritura, Matem\u00e1ticas, Aljibe."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.53877\/rc.6.12.20220101.02","article-title":"Deteccci\u00f3n temprana de la disgraf\u00eda desde el ejercicio profesional docente","volume":"6","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Cient\u00edfica Retos Cienc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.11144\/Javerianacali.PPSI15-1.RDPN","article-title":"La reeducaci\u00f3n de las disgraf\u00edas: Perspectivas neuropsicol\u00f3gica y psicoling\u00fc\u00edstica","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pensam. Psicol\u00f3gico"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3280\/ess1-2020oa9507","article-title":"Speed and pressure of handwriting as critical issues of the contemporary age: A research in Italian students in early literacy","volume":"1","author":"Capellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Sci. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asselborn, T., Chapatte, M., and Dillenbourg, P. (2020). Extending the spectrum of dysgraphia: A data driven strategy to estimate handwriting quality. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60011-8"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simeoli, R., Arnucci, M., Rega, A., and Marocco, D. (2020, January 15\u201317). Movement detection software to enhance autism assessment processes. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Movement and Computing, Jersey City, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3401956.3404246"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Park, W., Korres, G., Tahir, S., and Eid, M. (2019, January 26\u201331). Evaluation of handwriting skills in children with learning difficulties. Proceedings of the Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction, Multimodality and Assistive Environments: 13th International Conference, UAHCI 2019, Held as Part of the 21st HCI International Conference, HCII 2019, Orlando, FL, USA. Part II 21."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3109\/17483107.2010.532287","article-title":"Towards a modified consumer haptic device for robotic-assisted fine-motor repetitive motion training","volume":"6","author":"Palsbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisackerly, S., and Zadeh, M.H. (2010, January 16\u201317). Haptic-enabled virtual handwriting: Multimodal handwriting instructions for young students. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Haptic Audio Visual Environments and Games, Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/HAVE.2010.5623963"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-012-0333-8","article-title":"Augmented visual, auditory, haptic, and multimodal feedback in motor learning: A review","volume":"20","author":"Sigrist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.925481","article-title":"Some participants may be better than others: Sustained attention and motivation are higher early in semester","volume":"68","author":"Nicholls","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Woolf, B.P. (2010). Building Intelligent Interactive Tutors: Student-Centered Strategies for Revolutionizing e-Learning, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostinelli, T., Generosi, A., Ceccacci, S., Khamaisi, R.K., Peruzzini, M., and Mengoni, M. (2021). Preliminary validation of a low-cost motion analysis system based on RGB cameras to support the evaluation of postural risk assessment. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app112210645"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2316163","article-title":"The faces of engagement: Automatic recognition of student engagementfrom facial expressions","volume":"5","author":"Whitehill","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.25046\/aj050622","article-title":"A toolkit for the automatic analysis of human behavior in HCI applications in the wild","volume":"5","author":"Generosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Generosi, A., Ceccacci, S., and Mengoni, M. (2018, January 2\u20135). A deep learning-based system to track and analyze customer behavior in retail store. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 8th International Conference on Consumer Electronics-Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-Berlin.2018.8576169"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3875.86","article-title":"Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion","volume":"164","author":"Ekman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12288","article-title":"From signals to knowledge: A conceptual model for multimodal learning analytics","volume":"34","author":"Schneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Learn."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celine, R., and Jimmy, N. (2022, January 7\u20139). Copilotrace: A platform to process graphomotor tasks for education and graphonomics research. Proceedings of the International Graphonomics Conference, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19745-1_10"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2021.3068786","article-title":"Haptic guidance to support handwriting for children with cognitive and fine motor delays","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Haptics"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vaivre-Douret, L., Lopez, C., Dutruel, A., and Vaivre, S. (2021). Phenotyping features in the genesis of pre-scriptural gestures in children to assess handwriting developmental levels. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79315-w"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altieri, A., Ceccacci, S., Talipu, A., and Mengoni, M. (2020, January 17\u201319). A low cost motion analysis system based on RGB cameras to support ergonomic risk assessment in real workplaces. Proceedings of the International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Virtual-online.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.0002017V"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1049\/bme2.12079","article-title":"Towards pen-holding hand pose recognition: A new benchmark and a coarse-to-fine PHHP recognition network","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IET Biom."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714","article-title":"A circumplex model of affect","volume":"39","author":"Russell","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2024, October 30). European Agency Statistics on Inclusive Education: 2018 Dataset Cross-Country Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.european-agency.org\/resources\/publications\/european-agency-statistics-inclusive-education-2014-dataset-cross-country."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"247","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis cr\u00edtico de los aspectos antropol\u00f3gicos y pedag\u00f3gicos en la educaci\u00f3n emocional","volume":"49","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Iberoam. De Educ."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"71","article-title":"L\u2019inclusione dipende dallo sguardo","volume":"7","author":"Cottini","year":"2022","journal-title":"G. Ital. Disturbi Neurosviluppo"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"43","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n diagn\u00f3stica de la relaci\u00f3n escuela y comunidad: El caso de una escuela en Santo Domingo del Roble de Santa B\u00e1rbara de Heredia","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Electr\u00f3n. Educ."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"236","article-title":"Formaci\u00f3n docente e inclusi\u00f3n educativa: Un estudio comparado en Italia y Espa\u00f1a","volume":"1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Espa Nola Educ. Comp."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"e-3056","article-title":"La intercomprensi\u00f3n entre lenguas rom\u00e1nicas: Un camino al desarrollo sociocultural","volume":"13","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Let. Raras"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-020-00489-9","article-title":"Immersive Virtual Reality in K-12 and Higher Education: A systematic review of the last decade scientific literature","volume":"25","author":"Pellas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/1511092","article-title":"Risk, resilience, and adjustment of individuals with learning disabilities","volume":"20","author":"Morrison","year":"1997","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. Q."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalmaso, M. (2022). Exploring the social environment with the eyes: A review of the impact of facial stimuli on saccadic trajectories. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416615"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/12\/781\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:47:18Z","timestamp":1760114838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/12\/781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["info15120781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15120781","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2078-2489","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]}}}