{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:14:44Z","timestamp":1763644484141,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)","award":["P20004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Humans often cross their legs unconsciously while sitting, which can lead to health problems such as shifts in the center of gravity, lower back pain, reduced blood circulation, and pelvic distortion. Detecting unconscious leg crossing is important for promoting correct posture. In this study, we investigated the detection of leg-crossing postures using machine learning algorithms applied to data from body pressure distribution sensors. Pressure data were collected over 180 s from four male subjects (25.8 \u00b1 6.29 years old) under three conditions: no leg crossing, right-leg crossing, and left-leg crossing. Seven classifiers, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN), were evaluated based on accuracy, recall, precision, and specificity. Among the tested methods, k-NN demonstrated the highest classification performance, suggesting it may be the most effective approach for identifying leg-crossing postures in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info15120810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:26:02Z","timestamp":1734413162000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of the Leg-Crossing Position Using Pressure Distribution Sensor and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1865-7735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Yuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan"},{"name":"New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Ando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H760","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00489.2023","article-title":"Sitting leg vasculopathy: Potential adaptations beyond the endothelium","volume":"326","author":"Padilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry, S.P., Coenen, P., Shrestha, N., O\u2019Sullivan, P.B., Maher, C.G., and Straker, L.M. (2019). Workplace interventions for increasing standing or walking for decreasing musculoskeletal symptoms in sedentary workers. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2019.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD012487.pub2"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"947","article-title":"Postural hypervigilance and perception of correct sitting posture in individuals with and without low back pain","volume":"57","author":"Coutinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ortop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199509150-00005","article-title":"Why leg crossing? The influence of common postures on abdominal muscle activity","volume":"20","author":"Snijders","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Oka, K. (2017). Sitting too Much Shortens Life, Taishukan Shoten."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Association between Sedentary Behavior and Mental Health among Japanese Workers","volume":"114","author":"Kai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)90034-5","article-title":"Leg-crossing: Incidence and inheritance","volume":"32","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20090038","article-title":"Central and cerebrovascular effects of leg crossing in humans with sympathetic failure","volume":"118","author":"Harms","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3282f35276","article-title":"Which physiological mechanism is responsible for the increase in blood pressure during leg crossing?","volume":"26","author":"Adiyaman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/08037050410000903","article-title":"Effects of crossed leg on blood pressure","volume":"13","author":"Pinar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0b013e3280b083a7","article-title":"The effect of crossing legs on blood pressure","volume":"12","author":"Adiyaman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood Press. Monit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, G., Arora, A.S., and Jain, V.K. (2017). Comparative analysis of hybrid models for prediction of BP reactivity to crossed legs. J. Healthc. Eng., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2187904"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"221","article-title":"Crossed eyes on arterial blood pressure in sitting position","volume":"76","author":"Scheen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Liege"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1177\/C10N2R8","article-title":"Effects of crossing legs on blood pressure measurement","volume":"10","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Q., Zhao, H., Li, J., and Xu, P. (2021). Hip positioning and sitting posture recognition based on human sitting pressure image. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020426"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-213634","article-title":"Development of a sitting posture monitoring system for children using pressure sensors: An application of convolutional neural network","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1127\/anthranz\/53\/1995\/263","article-title":"A study of leg-crossing in a German sample","volume":"53","author":"Reiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anthropol. Anz."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, J., Jun, Y.S., Seo, H., Kim, M., and Park, J.-U. (2020). Motion Detection Using Tactile Sensors Based on Pressure-Sensitive Transistor Arrays. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133624"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"348","article-title":"A Method for Recognizing Postures and Gestures Using Foot Pressure Sensors","volume":"27","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IPSJ J. Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Q., Zhang, P., and Chen, Y. (2021). Human Motion State Recognition Based on Flexible, Wearable Capacitive Pressure Sensors. Micromachines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi12101219"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318232abe4","article-title":"The crossed leg sign indicates a favorable outcome after severe stroke","volume":"77","author":"Pfefferkorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2021.1933201","article-title":"Effect of legroom proportions and individual factors for sitting with crossed legs: Implications on the interior design of automated driving vehicles","volume":"64","author":"Stanglmeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manduca, G., Zeni, V., Moccia, S., Milano, B.A., Canale, A., Benelli, G., and Romano, D. (2023). Learning algorithms estimate pose and detect motor anomalies in flies exposed to minimal doses of a toxicant. iScience, 26.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.108349"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14246","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-022-03344-3","article-title":"Machine learning techniques applied to mechanical fault diagnosis and fault prognosis in the context of real industrial manufacturing use-cases: A systematic literature review","volume":"52","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"58","article-title":"Significance of machine learning in healthcare: Features, pillars, and applications","volume":"3","author":"Javaid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Netw."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133982","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010715","article-title":"Deep Neural Networks for Human Activity Recognition with Wearable Sensors: Leave-One-Subject-Out Cross-Validation for Model Selection","volume":"8","author":"Gholamiangonabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Information"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/12\/810\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:30Z","timestamp":1760115210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2078-2489\/15\/12\/810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["info15120810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/info15120810","relation":{},"ISSN":["2078-2489"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2078-2489"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}