{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T08:56:19Z","timestamp":1783155379408,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]],"date-time":"2025-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SODASENSE project","award":["MIS 6001407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 6001407"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the EU through the European Regional Development Fund","award":["MIS 6001407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS 6001407"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration of cutting-edge technologies\u2014such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and various emerging technologies\u2014is revolutionizing agricultural practices, enhancing productivity, sustainability, and efficiency. The objective of this study is to review the literature regarding the development and evolution of AI as well as other emerging technologies in the various fields of Agriculture as they are developed and transformed by integrating the above technologies. The areas examined in this study are open field smart farming, vertical and indoor farming, zero waste agriculture, precision livestock farming, smart greenhouses, and regenerative agriculture. This paper links current research, technological innovations, and case studies to present a comprehensive review of these emerging technologies being developed in the context of smart agriculture, for the benefit of farmers and consumers in general. By exploring practical applications and future perspectives, this work aims to provide valuable insights to address global food security challenges, minimize environmental impacts, and support sustainable development goals through the application of new technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T04:36:51Z","timestamp":1738557411000},"page":"100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["AI and Related Technologies in the Fields of Smart Agriculture: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1888-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotis","family":"Assimakopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 22131 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costas","family":"Vassilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of the Peloponnese, 22131 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7487-374X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionisis","family":"Margaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Systems, University of the Peloponnese, 23100 Sparta, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7838-9691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultural Technology and Communication, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-1362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Spiliotopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 22131 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, R., Khan, S.U., Zaheer, R., and Khan, S. 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