{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T22:22:34Z","timestamp":1774045354759,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK02\/UTEM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK02\/UTEM\/02\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A typical classification of driving style from a human driver is conducted via self-assessment, which begs the question of the possibility of bias from the respondents. Although some research has been carried out validating the questionnaire, no controlled studies have yet to be reported to validate the Malaysian driving style. This study aimed to validate the Malaysian driver using the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) with five-factor driving styles (careful, risky, angry, anxious, and dissociative) in on-road situations. Forty-one respondents completed the experiment on two designated routes recorded over 45 min of driving. A modest correlation existed between the MDSI and the score retrieved from the on-road observation assessment. The result showed a low-to-medium correlation collected from acceleration in longitudinal directions compared with correlation analysis utilizing the MDSI scale. Exploring such latent traits is essential for precisely classifying human driver styles without bias.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/info16020140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]],"date-time":"2025-02-14T06:52:01Z","timestamp":1739515921000},"page":"140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Correlation Between Self-Assessment and Observation in Driving Style Classification: An On-Road Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9923-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zainul Abidin","family":"Kamaludin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9309-7141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juffrizal","family":"Karjanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noryani","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1438-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidzamuddin","family":"Md Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2671-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zahir","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Research on Energy, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal 76100, Melaka, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Zairi","family":"Baharom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan 26600, Pahang, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-9723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zulhaidi","family":"Mohd Jawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS), Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2596-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Rauterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ishibashi, M., Okuwa, M., Doi, S., and Akamatsu, M. (2007, January 17\u201320). Indices for Characterizing Driving Style and Their Relevance to Car Following Behavior. Proceedings of the SICE Annual Conference, Takamatsu, Japan."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2018.1476794","article-title":"Smart cities and mobility: Does the smartness of Australian cities lead to sustainable commuting patterns?","volume":"26","author":"Yigitcanlar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, Z., Sun, X., Loeb, H., and Mangharam, R. (2023, January 4\u20137). Drive Right: Shaping Public\u2019s Trust, Understanding, and Preference Towards Autonomous Vehicles Using a Virtual Reality Driving Simulator. 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